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aNeuro Exam 2- Lindsey's > Nociception I-III > Flashcards

Nociception I-III Flashcards

1
Q

What tract carries temperature and pain information?

A

the anterolateral system

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2
Q

Where are the cell bodies for temperature receptors?

A

in the dorsal root or trigeminal nerve (for the head)

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3
Q

Each primary sensory temperature neuron has an axon that _____.

A

bifurcates

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4
Q

Where do each of the axon limbs in a primary sensory neuron go?

A

one goes to the skin and one goes to the CNS (the central axon)

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5
Q

Cool receptors are associated with ____ fibers.

A

Aδ

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6
Q

_____ (temperature) receptors are associated with Aδ fibers.

A

Cool

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7
Q

Warm receptors are associated with ____ fibers.

A

C

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8
Q

____ (temperature) receptors are associated with C fibers.

A

Warm

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9
Q

Where is the first synapse for the DRG neurons?

A

the dorsal horn of the spinal cord

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10
Q

What is the spinothalamic tract?

A

the relay of info thru the thalamus to the somatosensory cortex

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11
Q

What is the spinoreticular tract?

A

relay of info via the reticular formation to the hypothalamus for regulation of temperature and ANS function

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12
Q

This is tract relay of info via the reticular formation to the hypothalamus for regulation of temperature and ANS function.

A

spinoreticular tract

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13
Q

What tracts does the ALS system include?

A

spinoreticular

spinomesencephalic

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14
Q

The _____ pathway refers to the axons of the dorsal hor second order neurons that cross the midline and ascend anterolaterally.

A

ALS

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15
Q

With respect to site of origin of sensory info, info about temp and pain ascends _____ in the spinal cord.

A

contralaterally

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16
Q

The ____ is a principal pathway that conveys pain info to the ventrobasal thalamus (including the VPL).

A

spinothalamic tract

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17
Q

The spinothalamic tract is a principal pathway that conveys ____ info to the _______.

A

pain; ventrobasal thalamus (including the VPL)

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18
Q

The _____ pathway conveys pain inputs that lead to forebrain arousal and elicits emotional/behavioral responses from the limbic system.

A

spinoreticular tract

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19
Q

The spinoreticular tract pathway conveys ____ inputs that lead to ______ and elicits _____.

A

pain; forebrain arousal; emotional/behavioral responses from the limbic system

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20
Q

The _____ tract projects to the midbrain periaqueductal gray region (PAG) and is important for descending control of pain.

A

spinoreticular

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21
Q

The spinoreticular tract projects to the_____ and is important for ______.

A

midbrain periaqueductal gray region (PAG); descending control of pain

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22
Q

How does the cingulate gyrus contribute to pain?

A

it is the emotional component

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23
Q

How does the insular cortex contribute to pain?

A

processes info related to the ANS component of pain

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24
Q

Intense pressure activates ____ receptors.

A

Aδ

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25
Q

Damaged cells release what 4 items?

A

K
ATP
PGs
acids (H+)

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26
Q

Name 4 compounds that lead to direct activation of nociceptors.

A

bradykinin
potassium
acid
5-HT

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27
Q

Name 5 compounds that sensitize nociceptors.

A 
PGs
substance P
ATP
ACh
5-HT
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28
Q

___ increases the synthesis of prostaglandins from neighboring cells, which then sensitize nociceptors.

A

Bradykinin

29
Q

How does aspirin work as an analgesic?

A

inhibits COX to prevent PG synthesis and prevent nociceptor sensitization

30
Q

____ is known as primary hyperalgesia.

A

Sensitization of nociceptors

31
Q

Sensitization of nociceptors is known as _____.

A

primary hyperalgesia

32
Q

What is allodynia?

A

when pain sensitization is extreme enough to allow non-noxious stimuli to trigger a painful sensation

33
Q

This is the term for when pain sensitization is extreme enough to allow non-noxious stimuli to trigger a painful sensation.

A

allodynia

34
Q

What is the triple response?

A

a bradykinin mediated reddening, wheal, and flare due to tissue injury

35
Q

This is a bradykinin-mediated reddening, wheal, and flare due to tissue injury.

A

the triple response

36
Q

How does bradykinin cause pain?

A

it activates C fiber nociceptors –> depol –> APs –> substance P is release

37
Q

What does substance P do?

A

causes vasodilation/pain; closes K+ channels –> depolarization –> enhancement, prolongation of glutamate action

38
Q

Substance P is a sensitizer that ______ of nociceptors and collaterals in the exposed region.

A

reduces threshold for activation

39
Q

_____ is a sensitizer that reduces threshold for activation of nociceptors and collaterals in the exposed region.

A

Substance P

40
Q

Where in the brain do C fibers terminate?

A

in the substantia gelatinosa

41
Q

On what fibers do C fibers terminate? Where are these fibers found?

A

in the Rexed’s laminae in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord (substantia gelatinosa)

42
Q

Where do visceral and somatic pain inputs converge?

A

at the dorsal horn neuron

43
Q

Why is injury to internal organs often perceived as cutaneous pain?

A

bc visceral and somatic pain pathways converge at the dorsal horn neuron, but cutaneous input dominates, and the two are perceived as the same

44
Q

Name 2 types of glutamate receptor in the dorsal horn. Are they fast or slow?

A

NMDA (slow)

AMPA (fast)

45
Q

Why does pain persist, even after glutamate is taken back up?

A

substance P persists bc it’s not removed by reuptake

46
Q

What neurons process info related to the localization of pain?

A

the VPL

47
Q

What is the pathway of the anterolateral system?

A

skin –> dorsal root ganglion –> dorsal horn of the spinal cord –> decussate –> specific tract in the brain (spinoreticular, spinomesencephalic, or spinothalamic)

48
Q

Where does the ALS decussate?

A

immediately (in the spinal cord)

49
Q

What is nociceptive pain?

A

detection of an acute, painful stimulus

50
Q

What is neuropathic pain?

A

injury to the nervous system –> chronic pain

51
Q

What is the pathway of the spinoreticular tract?

A

skin –> dorsal root ganglion –> dorsal horn of the spinal cord –> decussate –> medulla –> reticular formation –> hypothalamus and thalamic nuclei

52
Q

Name the system that uses this pathway:
skin –> dorsal root ganglion –> dorsal horn of the spinal cord –> decussate –> specific tract in the brain (spinoreticular, spinomesencephalic, or spinothalamic)

A

the anterolateral system

53
Q

What is the pathway of the spinomesencephalic tract?

A

skin –> dorsal root ganglion –> dorsal horn of the spinal cord –> decussate –> midbrain –> mesencephalon

54
Q

What is the pathway of the spinothalamic tract?

A

skin –> dorsal root ganglion –> dorsal horn of the spinal cord –> decussate –> thalamus –> somatosensory cortex

55
Q

Name the tract:
skin –> dorsal root ganglion –> dorsal horn of the spinal cord –> decussate –> medulla –> reticular formation –> hypothalamus and thalamic nuclei

A

spinoreticular

56
Q

Name the tract:

skin –> dorsal root ganglion –> dorsal horn of the spinal cord –> decussate –> midbrain –> mesencephalon

A

spinomesencephalic

57
Q

Name the tract:

skin –> dorsal root ganglion –> dorsal horn of the spinal cord –> decussate –> thalamus –> somatosensory cortex

A

spinothalamic

58
Q

A brain region that is particularly sensitive to opioids is the _____.

A

PAG

59
Q

What happens if the dorsal lateral funiculus is cut bilaterally?

A

stimulation-produced and systemic opiate-induced analgesia are blocked

60
Q

Stress leads to increased activity in the limbic system, which in turn leads to activation of the ____.

A

PAG

61
Q

Activation of the PAG ultimately leads to ____ in the pain pathway.

A

inhibition of 2nd order neurons of the dorsal horn

62
Q

How do we know that endogenous opioids are involved in the placebo affect?

A

giving naloxone blocks the placebo affect

63
Q

What are the 2 types of sodium channels that sensory afferents have?

A

TTX sensitive

TTX resistant

64
Q

What does the TTX-resistant channel do?

A

plays a role in setting inflammatory pain thresholds

65
Q

Following nerve damage, the expression, distribution, and function of _____ is altered, leading to spontaneous discharge of pain primary afferents.

A

Na+ channels

66
Q

Why aren’t Na+ channel blockers used to treat pain?

A

they’re nonselective (CNS, CV SEs would occur)

67
Q

What happens in the substantia gelatinosa following injury of C fibers?

A

Aβ afferents begin to invade it

68
Q

How do glial and immune cells contribute to pain?

A

astrocytes develop and maintain neuropathic pain
macs secrete TNF that activates TTX-resistant Na+ channels
microglia secrete BDNF –> reverse potential so GABA becomes excitatory –> hyperalgesia

aNeuro Exam 2- Lindsey's (23 decks)

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