Non Communicable Disease - CHD ,cancer

Question 1

Where are coronary arteries

Answer 1

Branched out of the aorta and spread out into the heart muscle

Question 2

List what causes CHD

Answer 2

Layers of fatty material building up inside the coronary arteries
Causes the arteries to narrow reducing the flow of blood

Question 3

Main problem of CHD

Answer 3

Lack of oxygen for the heart muscle which could possibly result in a heart attack

Question 4

List 2 treatments for CHD

Answer 4

1. Statins
   2.Stents

Question 5

What are statins

Answer 5

Drugs that reduce the level of cholesterol in the blood which are proven to reduce the risk of coronary heart diseases

Question 6

Side effects and disadvantages of statins

Answer 6

Must be taken daily for life.
Possible side effects include muscle pain and liver damage

Question 7

When are stents used

Answer 7

When the CHD causes almost a total blockage of a coronary artery (very narrow)

Question 8

What is a stent

Answer 8

Metal mesh tubes inserted into narrowed or blocked coronary arteries to keep it open.

Question 9

Advantages of stents

Answer 9

Blood can flow normally
Reduces the risk of CHD

Question 10

Disadvantages of using stents

Answer 10

Risk of infection or blood clot forming near the stent.
Will not prevent other parts of the arteries from narrowing
Does not treat the CHD itself

Question 11

When does cell division occur and by what

Answer 11

Cell division through mitosis occurs all over the body during growth and during repair e.g. injury

Question 12

Why is mitosis extremely tight-controlled

Answer 12

Genes in the nucleus tell cells when to divide and when to stop which can be dangerous

Question 13

What causes tumours

Answer 13

Changes in genes that lead to uncontrolled growth and mitosis

Question 14

What are benign tumours

Answer 14

Tumours that are growths of abnormal cells which are usually contained within a membrane
They do not invade other parts of the body (stay in 1 place)

Question 15

What are malignant cells

Answer 15

Cells that invade neighbouring tissues and move into the blood stream therefore malignant tumour cells are cancer

Question 16

Why are malignant cells so bad

Answer 16

Because once they are in the blood stream they can spread to other parts of the body to forem new tumours (called secondary tumours)

Question 17

Explain 3 ways cancer can link to lifestyle

Answer 17

1. Smoking-lung cancer
2. Ultraviolet light - skin cancer
3. Alcohol - mouth and through cancer

Question 18

Explain one why life style can not increase the risk of cancer

Answer 18

Radon (radioactive gas) releases ionising radiation damaging the DNA in the cell causing uncontrolled cell division leading to cancer

Question 19

What causes non-communicable diseases

Answer 19

Risk factors

Question 20

Explain the discovery of smoking correlating to lung cancer (4)

Answer 20

1. Scientists could not carry out experiments on human lungs because that would be unethical
2. Therefore they started studying patterns in humans lifestyle to determine risk factors (epidemiology)
3. By focusing on the amount of cigarettes people smoked per day then how many of these people developed lung cancer they discovered a positive correlation
4. So scientists discovered that smoking links to lung cancer

Question 21

What is a correlation

Answer 21

(A link) it shows how something links to something therefore correlation does NOT prove cause

Question 22

What are carcinogens (lung cancer)

Answer 22

The chemicals damaging DNA found in cigarette smoke which increases the risk of cancer

Question 23

List 3 types of non communicable diseases

Answer 23

1. Cardiovascular diseases
2. Type 2 diabetes
3. Most types of cancer

Question 24

Define risk factors

Answer 24

Something that increases the likelihood of developing a disease

Question 25

Explain the risk factors of coronary heart diseases

Answer 25

Poor diet, high in fat or low in vegetables increase the levels of cholesterol in the blood increasing the rate of fatty materials building up

Question 26

Explain the effects of smoking on unborn baby

Answer 26

Smoking when pregnant increases the risk of miscarriage and premature birth this could lead to a baby born with low body-mass

Question 27

Explain the effects of drinking on unborn baby

Answer 27

Drinking alcohol can cause fetal alcohol syndrome leading to baby having learning disabilities

Question 28

Main risk factor of type 2 diabetes

Answer 28

Obesity, people struggle to control blood glucose levels can lead to high chances of type 2 diabetes