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CPHM > NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES > Flashcards

NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES Flashcards

1
Q

is a disease that is not spread through contact.

A

Noncommunicable Disease

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2
Q

– Are caused by how people live, conditions they are born with, or environmental hazards.
– Are not spread by contact because most are not caused by germs. Instead they are the breakdown in body cells and tissues.

A

Noncommunicable Disease

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3
Q

– Cause further breakdown, or degeneration in body cells and tissues as they progress

A

Degenerative Diseases

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4
Q

– Are present either continuously or off and on over a long period of time
– May develop as a result of a person’s lifestyle behaviors or substances in a person’s environment

A

Chronic Diseases

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5
Q

– In most cases there are no cure for either genetic disorders or birth defects

A

Diseases Present at Birth

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6
Q

one in which the body does not develop or function normally because of an inherited problem

A

Genetic Disorder

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7
Q

disorders of the developing and newborn baby, causes unknown

A

Birth Defect

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8
Q

– Risk Factors are certain characteristics that increase a person’s chances of developing the disease.
– Many diseases are the direct or indirect result of harmful
lifestyle behaviors. Healthful lifestyle behaviors, on the other
hand, can help prevent or control certain diseases and
disorders.

A

Diseases Resulting from Lifestyle Behaviors

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9
Q

– Many diseases are caused by hazards in the environment
– Examples of harmful substances that may be present in
the environment: Fumes for chemicals, second hand smoke, radon, asbestos

A

Diseases Caused by the Environment

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10
Q

NCDs overriding infectious diseases and double burden of diseases in many developing countries.

A

Epidemiological

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11
Q

tobacco use is increasing, diets are rapidly changing, physical activity reduces, alcohol use increases, obesity, hypertension
are increasing in most parts of the world, while undernutrition remains a severe issue

A

Lifestyles

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12
Q

COMMUNICABLE DISEASE

A
  • Sudden onset
  • Single cause
  • Short natural history
  • Cure is achieved
  • Single disciple
  • Short follow up
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13
Q

NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASE

A
  • Gradual onset
  • Multiple etiology
  • Long natural history
  • Care predominates
  • Multidisciplinary
  • Prolonged follow-up
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14
Q

% of global deaths are due to NCDs

A

60%

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15
Q

% of cancer preventable

A

40%

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16
Q

% of cardiovascular diseases, stroke and diabetes is preventable

A

80%

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17
Q

4 Common Risk Factors responsible for majority of NCDs

A
  • Inactivity
  • Tobacco
  • Alcohol
  • Unhealthy Diet
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18
Q

Major NCDs have shared preventable risk factors

A
  • Tabacco Use
  • Unhealthy Diet
  • Physical Inactivity
  • Harmful use of alcohol
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19
Q

% of Filipinos has one or more of these 6 prevalent risk
factors:

A

90%

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20
Q

% Risk factor of Physical inactivity

A

60.5%

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21
Q

% Risk factor of Smoking

A

34..8%

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22
Q

% Risk factor of Hypertension

A

22.5%

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23
Q

% Risk factor of Hypercholesterolemia

A

8.5%

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24
Q

% Risk factor of Overweight

A

20%

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25
Q

% Risk factor of Obesity

A

4.9%

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26
Q

% Risk Factor of Diabetes

A

4.6%

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27
Q

% of national population eat fruit & vegetables more than four times a day

A

19%

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28
Q

Recommended standard intake of fruits

A

100% eating FIVE servings DAILY

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29
Q

Total daily requirement intake of fruits must be

A

400g/capita

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30
Q

fruit Actual consumption is only

A

111g/capita

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31
Q

Current Use of Tabacco Product Among Adolescent Both Sexes

A

22%

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32
Q

Current Use of Tabacco Product Among Adolescent Boy

A

34%

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33
Q

Current Use of Tabacco Product Among Adolescent Girl

A

14%

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34
Q

% of Filipinos 15-74 years regularly drink alcoholic beverages (>4 days/week)

A

11%

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35
Q

% of Filipinos 15-19 years are current drinkers (2001 survey
n=10,240)

A

24%

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36
Q

% of Filipinos 15-27 years are current drinkers (2002 survey n=20,000)

A

42%

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37
Q

Follows the causation pathway of NCDs and supports the
following actions:

A

– Environmental Interventions
– Lifestyle Interventions
– Clinical Interventions
– Advocacy
– Research and Surveillance
– Political and Community Leadership, Intersectoral Partnerships and Community Mobilization
– Health systems strengthening

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38
Q

Causation Pathway Underlying Determinants

A

-Globalization
- Urbanization
- Population Ageing

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39
Q

Causation Pathway Common Risk Factors

A
  • Unhealthy Diet
  • Tabacco and Alcohol Use
  • Age
  • Heredity
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40
Q

Causation Pathway Intermediate Risk Factors

A
  • Raised blood sugar
  • Raised blood pressure
  • Abnormal blood lipids
  • Overweight/obesity
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41
Q

Causation Pathway Main chronic Diseases

A
  • Heart diseases
  • Cancer
  • Stroke
  • Chronic Respiratory diseases
  • Diabetes
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42
Q

Environmental Interventions

A
  • Governance
  • Policy and Legislation
  • Creating supportive built environment
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43
Q

Lifestyle Interventions

A
  • Behavioral interventions
  • Improving the built environment
  • Information and education
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44
Q

Clinical Interventions

A
  • Clinical Preventive Services
  • Risk factor deterction and control
  • Acute care
  • Chronic care and rehabilitation
  • Palliative care
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45
Q
  • Like other cells, the cells of your heart need oxygen and nutrients. The arteries that supply your heart muscles with blood are called coronary arteries.
A

Heart Disease

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46
Q

condition in which fatty substances (ex- cholesterol) in the
blood are deposited on the walls of the arteries

A

Atherosclerosis

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47
Q

a fatty substance that causes that causes atherosclerosis, some cholesterol is produced by the body, certain foods also contain cholesterol

A

Cholesterol

48
Q

hardening of the arteries. Slows flow of blood and is a major
cause of high blood pressure.

A

Arteriosclerosis

49
Q

When the flow of blood is reduced, blood clots may form within the blood vessels. When a coronary artery is blocked, the result can be a

A

heart attack

50
Q

When an artery in the brain is blocked the result can be a

A

stroke

51
Q

force of the blood on the inside walls of the blood vessels.

A

Blood Pressure

52
Q

– Typical blood pressure for teens is 110/70
– Your blood pressure is not the same at all times. It may Increase while exercising or under stress and my lower when at rest.

A

High blood Pressure

53
Q

when the blood pressure is consistently higher then normal.

A

Hypertension (high blood pressure)

54
Q

4 factors that increase your chances of having high blood pressure

A
  • Eating a large amount of salt
  • Being overweight
  • Feeling extreme stress for long periods of time
  • Having a family history of high blood pressure
55
Q

Risk Factors for Heart Disease

A

– Not within a person’s control:
– Within a person’s control:

56
Q

Not within a person’s control:

A
  • Age
  • Gender
  • Race
  • Family history
57
Q

Within a person’s control:

A
  • Weight
  • Exercise
  • Diet
  • Tobacco
58
Q

replacing diseased heart with healthy heart from a donor

A

Heart Transplant

59
Q

remove a vein from the leg and form a detour around the blockage

A

Bypass Surgery

60
Q

medications are used to dissolve the clots

A

Dissolving Blood Clots

61
Q

is defined as sustained elevation in mean arterial pressure. It is not a single disease state but a disorder with many causes, a variety of symptoms and a range of responses to therapy

A

HYPERTENSION (HPN)

62
Q

HPN has no definite cause

A

Primary HPN

63
Q

usually result of some other primary diseases leading to HPN such as renal disease

A

Secondary HPN

64
Q

There is no single cause for HPN but several risk factors
have been implicated in its development:

A
  • Family History
  • Age
  • High salt intake
  • Obesity
  • Excessive alcohol intake
65
Q

Key areas for prevention of HPN:

A
  • Encourage proper nutrition
  • Prevent becoming overweight/obese
  • Smoking cessation
  • Identify people at risk and encourage regular check-up
66
Q
  • it is a heart disease caused by impaired coronary blood
    flow
  • when the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged, supply of blood and oxygen to the heart muscle is affected
  • when there is decreased oxygen supply to the heart muscle, chest pain occurs (angina)
  • CAD can cause myocardial infarction (heart attack), arrhythmias, heart failure and sudden death
A

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

67
Q

it is also known as Ischemic Heart Disease

A

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

68
Q

The most common cause is the thickening of the inside wall of the arteries due to deposition of fat-like substance (atherosclerosis). It usually occurs when a person has high levels of cholesterol in the blood

A

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

69
Q

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) Risk factors:
Modifiable risk factors

A
  • High lipid and cholesterol level in the blood = high LDL
  • Smoking
  • Obesity
  • Physical inactivity or sedentary lifestyle
  • Stress
70
Q

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) Risk factors:
Non-modifiable risk factors

A
  • Hereditary or family history
  • Gender
  • Age
71
Q

Key areas for prevention of CAD

A
  • Promote regular physical activity and exercise
  • Encourage proper nutrition by limiting intake of saturated fats that increase LDL, limiting salt intake and increasing intake of dietary fibers
  • Prevent becoming overweight
72
Q
  • Loss or alteration of bodily function that results from an insufficient supply of blood to some parts of the brain. If blood is obstructed for more than several minutes, injury to the brain cells becomes permanent and tissue dies in the affected region resulting in cerebral infarction
A

Cerebrovascular Disease or Stroke

73
Q

usually occurs in atherosclerotic blood vessel commonly seen in older people

A

Thrombotic stroke

74
Q

caused by a moving blood clot usually from a thrombus in the left heart that becomes lodged in a small artery through which it cannot pass

A

Embolic stroke

75
Q

most fatal type of stroke, rupture of intracerebral blood vessel

A

Hemorrhagic stroke

76
Q

Cerebrovascular Disease or Stroke Risk factors:

A
  • Increasing age
  • Sex – women
  • Hereditary and race
  • Hypertension
  • Cigarette smoking
  • Diabetes mellitus
  • Heart disease
  • High RBC count – thicken the blood and make clots more likely
  • Season and climate
  • Socio-economic factors
  • Certain kinds of drug abuse
77
Q

Cerebrovascular Disease or Stroke
Key areas for prevention of stroke:

A
  • Treatment and control HPN
  • Smoking cessation
  • Limit alcohol consumption
  • Avoid intravenous drug abuse
  • Prevent all other risk factors of atherosclerosis
78
Q
  • develops when cells in a part of the body begin to grow out of control. cells continue to grow and divide even when there is no need to do so. Instead of dying they outlive normal cells and continue to form new abnormal cells. They compete with normal cells for the blood supply and nutrients
  • often travel to other parts of the body where they begin to grow and replace normal tissue – metastasis
A

CANCER

79
Q

agent capable of causing cancer, maybe chemical,
environmental agent, radiation

A

Carcinogens

80
Q

are chemicals found in cigarette smoke, industrial agents and in smoked foods

A

Polycyclic hydrocarbon

81
Q

produced when meat and fish are charcoal broiled or smoked, also produced when food is fried in fat that has been reused repeatedly

A

Benzopyrene

82
Q

powerful carcinogens used as preservatives in foods
like tocino, longganisa bacon, hotdogs

A

Nitrosamines

83
Q

UV rays from sunlight, x-rays

A

Radiation

84
Q

found in peanuts and peanut butter

A

Aflatoxin

85
Q

are not cancerous

A

Benign Tumor

86
Q

cancerous

A

Malignant Tumor

87
Q

In the final stage, cancer cells from malignant tumors may enter the bloodstream or lymph system and travel to other parts of the body and form new tumors. The spreading of cancer cells is called

A

metastasis

88
Q

What Causes Cancer?

A

– Factors that are inherited
– Lifestyle behaviors
– Carcinogens-

89
Q

Cancer be Diagnosed through

A
  • Routine Physical Examination
  • Blood Tests
  • Biopsy- small piece of tissue is removed for testing in a lab
90
Q

Warning Signs of Cancer
CAUTION

A

C hange in bowel or bladder habits
A sore that does not heal
U nusual bleeding or discharge
T hickening or lump in breast or elsewhere
I ndigestion or difficulty swallowing
O bvious change in a wart or mole
N agging cough or hoarseness

91
Q

Treatment of Cancer

A

– Surgery- remove cancer cells from the body
– Radiation- X-rays, or other radioactive substances are
aimed at a tumor
– Chemotherapy- chemicals are used to destroy cancer
cells

92
Q

remove cancer cells from the body

A

Surgery

93
Q

X-rays, or other radioactive substances are aimed at a tumor

A

Radiation

94
Q

chemicals are used to destroy cancer cells

A

Chemotherapy

95
Q

Risk factors of cancer:
Tobacco smoking, second hand smoke, radiation exposure

A

Lung cancer

96
Q

Risk factors of cancer:
Tobacco smoking, excessive alcohol use, vitamin A deficiency

A

Oral cancer

97
Q

Risk factors of cancer: Tobacco smoking, poor nutrition, alcohol, occupational exposure to wood dust, paint fumes, males four to five times more common, age

A

Laryngeal cancer

98
Q

Risk factors of cancer: Tobacco smoking, occupational exposure to dyes and solvents

A

Bladder cancer

99
Q

Risk factors of cancer:
Tobacco smoking, obesity, diet, occupational exposure to
asbestos, age

A

Renal cancer

100
Q

Risk factors of cancer:
Tobacco smoking, HPV infection, Chlamydia infection, diet
(low in fruits and vegetables), family history

A

Cervical cancer

101
Q

Risk factors of cancer:
Tobacco smoking, male thrice more common, alcohol, diet
(low in fruits and vegetables)

A

Esophageal cancer

102
Q

Risk factors of cancer: Early menarche or late menopause, high fat diet, obesity, physical inactivity, family history

A

Breast cancer

103
Q

Risk factors of cancer: Race (more common in black), high fat diet, family history, age

A

Prostate cancer

104
Q

Risk factors of cancer: Certain types of viral hepatitis, long term exposure to aflatoxin, excessive alcohol intake

A

Liver cancer

105
Q

Risk factors of cancer: Family history, high fat diet, low fiber diet, age

A

Colonic cancer

106
Q

Risk factors of cancer: Early menarche, late menopause

A

Uterine/endometrial cancer

107
Q

Key areas for primary prevention of cancers

A
  • Smoking cessation
  • Encourage proper nutrition
  • increase intake of dietary fibers
  • limit consumption if smoked, charcoal-broiled,
    salt cured foods
  • drink alcohol beverages in moderation
  • control obesity
  • early diagnosis and prompt treatment
108
Q

Genetically and clinically heterogeneous group of metabolic disorder characterized by glucose intolerance with hyperglycemia present at time of diagnosis

A

DIABETES MELLITUS

109
Q
  • Characterized by absolute lack of insulin due to damaged pancreas
  • Dependent of insulin injections
  • Genetic, environment or maybe acquired
A

TYPE I – Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM)

110
Q
  • More common, 90-95% of all person with diabetes
  • More preventable because it is associated with obesity and diet
  • Possible cause include impaired insulin secretion and increased hepatic glucose production
  • Usually in older and overweight persons
A

TYPE II – Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM)

111
Q

develops during pregnancy and may lead to Type II DM

A

GESTATIONAL DIABETES

112
Q

Risk factors of Type II DM

A
  • Family history
  • Overweight and obesity
  • Sedentary lifestyle
  • Hypertension
113
Q

Key areas for prevention and control of diabetes

A
  • Encourage proper nutrition
  • Maintain body weight and prevent obesity
  • Promote regular exercise
  • Smoking cessation
114
Q

Major cause of chronic morbidity and mortality worldwide – 4th leading cause of mortality. It is a disease characterized by
airflow limitation that is not fully reversible. The airflow limitation is usually progressive and associated with an abnormal inflammatory response of the lungs to noxious
particles or gases

A

CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD)

115
Q

CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD)
Causes and risk factors:

A
  • Smoking is the primary cause of COPD
  • It is usually due to chronic bronchitis and emphysema
  • Age
116
Q

CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD)
Complications:

A
  • Respiratory failure
  • Cardiovascular disease
117
Q

SCREENING FOR DIABETES MELLITUS
Ask the patient (for adults 20 years and above)

A
  • Family history of diabetes
  • Polyuria
  • Polydypsia
  • Polyphagia
  • Unexplained weight loss

CPHM (12 decks)

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