2: INTRODUCTION TO BIOSTATISTICS

Question 1

2 BRANCHES OF STATISTICS

Answer 1

1. Descriptive statistics
2. Inferential statistics

Question 2

refers to the different methods applied in order to summarize and present data in a form that will make them easier to analyze and interpret.

Answer 2

Descriptive statistics

Question 3

refers to methods involved in order to make generalizations and conclusions about a target population, based on results from a sample.

Answer 3

Inferential statistics

Question 4

a phenomenon whose values or categories cannot be predicted with certainty.

Answer 4

VARIABLE

Question 5

TYPES OF VARIABLES

Answer 5

1. Qualitative variables
2. Quantitative variables

Question 6

if the values can assume only integral or whole numbers.

Answer 6

Discrete

Question 7

if it can attain any value including fractions or decimals.

Answer 7

Continuous

Question 8

SCALE OF MEASUREMENT:

Answer 8

1. Nominal variables
2. Ordinal scale
3. Interval scale
4. Ratio scale

Question 9

those that can be ranked or ordered.

Answer 9

Ordinal scale

Question 10

the exact distance between 2 categories can be determine but the zero point is arbitrary.

Answer 10

Interval scale

Question 11

similar with interval scale but the zero point is fixed.

Answer 11

Ratio scale

Question 12

CATEGORIES OF DATA ACCORDING TO SOURCE:

Answer 12

1. Primary Data
2. Secondary data

Question 13

those that are obtained first hand by the investigator to help him answer specifically the purpose/s of his study.

Answer 13

Primary Data

Question 14

those that are already existing and which have obtained by other people for purposes not necessarily those of the investigators.

Answer 14

Secondary data

Question 15

SOURCES OF DATA:

Answer 15

1. Census
2. Registries of Vital Events
3. Reports of Occurrence of Notifiable Diseases
4. Health records/employment records
5. Family records

Question 16

METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION

Answer 16

1. Observations
2. Interview
3. Use of questionnaires

Question 17

QUALITIES OF STATISTICAL DATA

Answer 17

1. Timeliness
2. Completeness
3. Accuracy
4. Precision
5. Relevance
6. Adequacy

Question 18

the act of examining or studying only a segment of the population to represent the whole.

Answer 18

SAMPLING-

Question 19

USES OF SAMPLING IN PUBLIC HEALTH

Answer 19

1. Evaluating the health status of the population
2. Investigating the factors affecting health
3. Evaluating the effectiveness of health measures
4. Assessing specific aspects in the administration of health services
5. Evaluating the reliability and completeness of record systems

Question 20

in the context of sampling, it refers to entire group of individuals or items of interest in the study.

Answer 20

POPULATION

Question 21

POPULATION 2 Types:

Answer 21

1. Target Population
2. Sampling population

Question 22

is the group from which representative information is desired and to which inferences will be made.

Answer 22

Target Population-

Question 23

population from which a sample will be actually taken.

Answer 23

Sampling population

Question 24

an object or a person on which a measurement is actually taken or an observation is made.

Answer 24

ELEMENTARY UNIT/ELEMENT

Question 25

units which are chosen in selecting the sample and may be made up non-overlapping collection elements or elementary units.

Answer 25

SAMPLING UNIT

Question 26

listing or map which represents the collection of all sampling units

Answer 26

SAMPLING FRAME

Question 27

the difference between the value of the parameter being investigated and the estimates of the value based on different samples.

Answer 27

SAMPLING ERROR

Question 28

- A good sampling design must follow the following criteria: should be representative of the population, sample size must be adequate, practicability and feasibility of sampling procedure, economy and efficiency of the sampling design.

Answer 28

BASIC SAMPLING DESIGNS

Question 29

BASIC SAMPLING DESIGNS 2 TYPES:

Answer 29

the probability of each member of the population to be selected in the sample is difficult to determine or cannot be specified.

Question 30

Non-probability sampling designs-

Answer 30

a. Judgment or purposive b. Accidental/Haphazard c. Quota sampling d. Snowball technique

Question 31

useful in studying hidden populations

Answer 31

Snowball technique-

Question 32

Designs-where rules in selecting the sample is specified and each element has a known, non-zero chance of being included in the sample.

Answer 32

Probability Sampling Designs

Question 33

every element in population has a known equal chance of being included in the sample.

Answer 33

Simple Random Sampling

Question 34

sampling interval(k) is determined first then one number from 1 to k will be drawn at random. The element corresponding to that number and every kth number thereafter will be included in the sample.

Answer 34

Systematic sampling

Question 35

the population is first divided into non-overlapping groups called strata. A simple random sample is then selected from each stratum.

Answer 35

Stratified random sampling

Question 36

the population is first divided into CLUSTERS that serve as the sampling unit and a sample of units are selected. Every element found in ach sampling unit drawn as sample may or may not be included in the study.

Answer 36

Cluster sampling

Question 37

SAMPLE SIZE ESTIMATION DEPENDS ON THE FOLLOWING FACTORS:

Answer 37

1. Study design used 2. Magnitude of the parameter being investigated 3. Variability of the parameter being investigated 4. Level of precision desired 5. Data analysis plan