noninfectious CNS disease

Question 1

what % of neuro disease in horses is traumatic

Answer 1

24%

Question 2

what is interesting about the pathophys of a TBI

Answer 2

the coup and contrecoup. causes multi focal lesions in the brain

Question 3

how do we diagnose traumatic brain injuries

Answer 3

neurologic exam, blood pressure, orthogonal rads and CT

Question 4

mainstay treatments for TBI

Answer 4

decrease ICP- hypertonic saline

decrease inflammation

prevent sepsis if open fracture- kpen +genta

keep standing

Question 5

do all fractures require surgery

Answer 5

no. many dont especially if they are minimal or if the fragment is really far away from where it should be

Question 6

prognosis timeline

Answer 6

first 48hrs are most critical and help determine outcome. keep them standing

Question 7

right sided central blindness, where is the lesion

Answer 7

left forebrain

Question 8

right sided head tilt, where is the lesion

Answer 8

right brainstem

Question 9

eNAD and EDM. what causes them

Answer 9

vitamin E disorders

Question 10

clinical signs of eNAD and EDM

Answer 10

symmetric ataxia, hypermetria when the head is elevated.

Question 11

pathophys of eNAD and EDM

Answer 11

caudal brain stem and spinal cord demyelination and axonal loss

Question 12

what is the difference between eNAD and EDM

Answer 12

eNAD- lesions in the caudal medulla oblongata

EDM- lesions are widespread and can effect the spinal cord

Question 13

most common post mortem diagnosis for neurologic disease

Answer 13

compressive cervical myelopathy

eNAD/EDM

Question 14

when does eNAD/EDM become clinical

Answer 14

genetic but expressed when oxidative damage is present– lack of antioxidant vitamin E

Question 15

other differentials for a ataxic horse with varying neurologic signs

Answer 15

CVCM
EPM
EHV– WNV – EEE
eNAD/EDM

Question 16

treatment for eNAD/EDM

Answer 16

no treatment once clinical signs are present. need to prevent supplementing vitaminE

Question 17

what vit E works in horses

Answer 17

water soluble, natural, r-r-r alpha tocopherol

Question 18

how does EMND differ from eNAD/EDM

Answer 18

EMND affects the motor neurons but both involve a lack of vitamin E

Question 19

physiology of equine motor neuron disease

Answer 19

generalized neuromuscular weakness and muscle atrophy

Question 20

different clinical signs with subacte and chronic EMND

Answer 20

subacute– muscle atrophy, muscle fasciculations, toe dragging

chronic– topline m atrophy, poor performance

Question 21

how to diagnose EMND

Answer 21

sacrocaudalis dorsalis muscle biopsy.

but low vit E is supportive

Question 22

treatment for EMND

Answer 22

vit e supplementation

Question 23

what is equine dysautonomia– grass sickness

Answer 23

polyneuropathy that affects autonomic and enteric nervous system –
uk disease

Question 24

what are the CS of each phase of dysautonomia acute subacute chronic

Answer 24

acute- dysphagia, ptosis, severe GI ileus and impaction

subacute- large colon impaction

chronic- rapid severe wt loss, sweating, dry nose

Question 25

diagnosis of equine dysautonomia

Answer 25

clinical. but can do phenylephrine eye drops to see if they open histopath definitive diagnosis euthanize

Question 26

facial nerve paralysis, vestibular disease, difficulty chewing

Answer 26

temporohyoid osteoarthropathy

Question 27

if you have facial paralysis, eye droop (CN VII) head tilt, ataxia (CN VIII) what are your differentials

Answer 27

THO, gutteral pouch disease, otitis media, EPM, tumor

Question 28

what is THO

Answer 28

osseus proliferation at the stlyohyoid and temporal bone articulation

Question 28

what is the treatment for THO

Answer 28

ceratohyoidectomy

Question 29

diagnosis of THO

Answer 29

radiographs but CT is the best

Question 30

why is hyperammonemia a bad thing

Answer 30

ammonia causes brain damage and induces ROS and NO

Question 31

bilateral forebrain dysfunction - circling, behavior change, head pressing, central blindness, seizures

Answer 31

hyperammonemia ddx

Question 32

treatment for hyperammonemia

Answer 32

oral lactulose, treat hepatic disease, antiinflam, manage seizures etc

Question 33

what causes ELEM

Answer 33

moldy corn. fusarium moniliforme