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Aphasia & Other Adult Language Disorders > Normal Aging > Flashcards

Normal Aging Flashcards

1
Q

terms to use with patients

A
  • use older adults or people over age x instead of the aged, elderly, or senior citizens
  • the only exception to this rule might be when referencing tribes/American Indian/Alaska Natives, for which the term elders may be preferred and culturally appropriate
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2
Q

ages term: adults

A

18 years or older

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3
Q

ages term: older adults

A

65 years and older

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4
Q

ages: geriatric

A

older adults but often used in the context of healthcare

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5
Q

why is the aging population rising?

A
  • decreasing infant mortality
  • improved longevity
  • increased life expectancy
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6
Q

aging population: 2017

A

13% of the world’s population was estimated to be over 60 years

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7
Q

aging population: by 2050

A

13% will increase to 25% over 60 years and people aged 80 years and older will triple

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8
Q

chronological age

A

how long a person has lived

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9
Q

biological age

A

functioning of one’s bodily organs over time

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10
Q

cognitive age

A

intelligence, memory, and learning abilities over time

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11
Q

psychological age

A

personality changes over time

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12
Q

social age

A

social roles in one’s environment

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13
Q

theories of aging

A
  • biopsychosocial models of aging
  • life-span model of postformal cognitive development
  • motivational theory of life-span development
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14
Q

biopsychosocial models of aging theory

A

complex interactions between biological, psychological, and sociological factors that influence age

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15
Q

biopsychosocial models of aging theory: biological

A
  • age, gender, genetics
  • physiologic reactions
  • tissue health
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16
Q

biopsychosocial models of aging: psychological

A
  • mental health
  • emotional health
  • beliefs and expectations
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17
Q

biopsychosocial models of aging theory: sociological

A
  • interpersonal relationships
  • social support dynamics
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18
Q

life-span model of postformal cognitive development theory

A
  • 7 stages
  • first occurs before adulthood
  • stages range to areas of taking on responsibilities, focusing on community, moving from professional to non-professional activities
  • changes in life priorities
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19
Q

motivation theory of life-span development

A

aging involves gaming self regulatory skills that involve
- anticipating opportunities to pursue goals
- motivating oneself to engage in goals
- disengaging from goals

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20
Q

normal changes: general patterns

A
  • neuron shrinkage and reduced dendritic branching = decreased brain volume
  • reduction in neurotransmitters
  • reduced cerebral blood flow
  • decreased white matter (losing connections)
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21
Q

neuron shrinkage and reduced dendritic branching = decreased brain volume

A
  • starts at age 30 and accelerates after age 70
  • atrophy (wasting away)
  • primary in frontal lobes and hippocampus which addressed memories and feelings
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22
Q

decreased white matter (losing connections)

A
  • grey matter is hardware
  • white matter is the cables connecting the grey matter to one another
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23
Q

fluid intelligence

A
  • refers to reason and thinking flexibly
  • abilities such as inductive reasoning, figural relations, and associative memory
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24
Q

adult cognitive changes: fluid intelligence

A

decreases with age

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25
Q

crystalized intelligence

A
  • refers to the accumulation of knowledge, facts, and skills acquired throughout life
  • abilities such as vocabulary, verbal comprehension, and semantic relations
26
Q

adult cognitive changes: crystalized intelligence

A

increases with age

27
Q

non-verbal abilities

A

abstract reasoning, perceptual-motor speed, and spatial abilities

28
Q

adult cognitive changes: non-verbal abilities

A

decreases with age

29
Q

sensory memory (initial storage)

A
  • see, hear, taste, smell, touch
  • can be tied to another comorbid condition
  • immediate memory
30
Q

short-term memory

A
  • hold memories for about 30 seconds unless you engage in a recall strategy such as rehearsal
  • written, verbal, pneumonic, acronyms, association, drawing pictures, etc.
31
Q

working memory

A
  • type of short-term memory
  • set of 4 numbers, remember, and then say backwards
32
Q

declarative memory

A
  • type of long-term memory
  • names, dates, definitions, recollections of experiences
  • knowing “what”
  • episodic vs. semantic memory
33
Q

episodic memory

A

personal experiences, activities, and events linked to specific times and places

34
Q

semantic memory

A

general knowledge of historical facts, social customs, and meanings of words

35
Q

nondeclarative memory (procedural)

A
  • skills, habits, ways of doing things
  • knowing the “how”
  • motor vs. perceptual
36
Q

motor memory

A

unconscious processing

37
Q

perceptual memory

A
  • being able to judge and reconstruct in your mind physical features, frequency, or occurrence
  • close eyes and ask how many people are in the room
38
Q

changes in semantic memory

A

maintain

39
Q

changes with procedural memory

A

maintain

40
Q

typical challenges with memory in the areas of

A
  • episodic memory
  • source memory
41
Q

general sensory system changes: hearing

A
  • peripheral
  • degeneration of hair cells
  • presbycusis
  • infections of middle and inner ear
42
Q

changes in hearing: peripheral

A

benign bony growths of external auditory canal

43
Q

changes in hearing: degeneration of hair cells

A

sensorineural loss

44
Q

changes in hearing: presbycusis

A

age related hearing loss

45
Q

vision changes

A
  • changes in pupillary function and lens light transmissibility
  • retinal changes
  • cataracts
  • glaucoma
  • presbyopia
46
Q

presbyopia

A

gradual loss of ability to see things up close

47
Q

language and aging: syntactic processing

A
  • challenges with understanding long and complex sentences
  • can contribute to working memory
48
Q

language and aging: syntactic production

A

use fewer complex structures

49
Q

language and aging: reading and writing

A

declines in these areas tend to mirror the declines in listening and speaking

50
Q

language and aging

A
  • conceptual knowledge (assessed by vocabulary tests) appears to be well maintained throughout adulthood
  • slower in their ability to perform sentence comprehension tasks
51
Q

language and aging: discourse production

A
  • fewer propositions (opinions) in narrative discourse
  • fewer steps in procedural discourse
  • errors in reference when telling a story
  • fewer words per clause
  • fewer information units produces (70 years+)
52
Q

discourse

A

written or spoken communication

53
Q

language and aging: generative naming ability

A
  • naming multiple things under a category
  • significantly fewer items generated
54
Q

language and aging: categorization of items

A
  • concept and functional systems of classification preferred
  • slower in deciding category membership
55
Q

language and aging: naming

A
  • more “tip of the tongue” experiences is normal, more frequently with age but not to the point that it’s affecting everyday communication
  • slower response time and less accuracy with confrontational naming
  • for typical aging individuals, word finding problems are linked to accessing the word and not a loss of vocabulary
56
Q

confrontational naming

A

confronting person with a picture and have them naming it

57
Q

object naming

A

showing a 3-D object along with being able to look and hold the object and then name it

58
Q

language and aging: pragmatics

A
  • aging in and of itself does not appear to influence pragmatic abilities in significant ways
  • naturally change as well
59
Q

reserve capacity

A

regardless of natural changes in the brain adults have the ability to perform in ways that are typically not tested or demonstrated

60
Q

age-related identity threat

A

the implicit or explicit belief that one will fail because one is “old”

61
Q

“elderspeak”

A

adaptation of language to a person because of their age

62
Q

promoting brain health

A
  • active intellectual engagement on a daily basis
  • active social engagement
  • limit passive activities (i.e. watching tv)
  • maintain low body fat
  • balanced diet
  • alcohol consumption only in moderation if at all
  • sufficient rest

Aphasia & Other Adult Language Disorders (12 decks)

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