Nose and Nasal Cavity

Question 1

What bones form the external nose?

Answer 1

nasal bones and frontal process of maxillae

Question 2

What are the external openings of the nose called?

Answer 2

nares

Question 3

What are the lateral borders of the external openings of the nose called?

Answer 3

alae

Question 4

What is the muscle of facial expression that flares the nose and what innervates it?

Answer 4

nasalis muscle innervated by facial nerve (CN 7)

Question 5

What does sensory innervation to the superior bridge of the nose?

Answer 5

infratrochlear nerve (from ophthalmic nerve, V1)

Question 6

What does sensory innervation to the majority of the external nose, except superior bridge?

Answer 6

infraorbital nerve (from maxillary nerve, V2)

Question 7

The nasal cavity is divided into left and right by what structure?

Answer 7

median nasal septum

Question 8

The makes up the median nasal septum?

Answer 8

• Septal nasal cartilage, anteriorly
• perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone, superior posteriorly
• vomer bone, inferior posteriorly

Question 9

What are the borders of each nasal cavity?

Answer 9

• hard palate, floor
• nasal, frontal, ethmoid & sphenoid bone, roof
• median nasal septum - medial wall
• maxilla, ethmoid, palatine, nasal, lacrimal and inferior concha bones, lateral wall

Question 10

The superior and middle concha are part of what bone? The inferior concha is part of what bone?

Answer 10

superior and middle are part of ethmoid bone

inferior is considered a distinct bone attached to the maxilla

Question 11

What is the purpose of the nasal concha?

Answer 11

increase surface area for better conditioning of the air.

Question 12

The openings of spaces under the conchae?

Answer 12

meatuses/meati
superior nasal meatus below superior nasal concha
middle nasal meatus below middle nasal concha
inferior nasal meatus below inferior nasal concha

Question 13

Where does the nasolacrimal duct drain?

Answer 13

inferior nasal meatus

Question 14

What is the narrow space above the superior nasal concha?

Answer 14

sphenoethmoidal recess

Question 15

All nasal conchae and meati are covered in what?

Answer 15

mucosa which conditions the air

Question 16

The superior part of the nasal cavity, including the sphenoethmoidal recess recess are covered in what?

Answer 16

olfactory epithelium

Question 17

What is olfactory epithelium?

Answer 17

specialized epithelium with olfactory cells that have odorant receptors, whose axons become CN I, olfactory nerve

Question 18

What supplies blood to the anterior and superior portion of the nasal cavities?

Answer 18

anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries which are branches of ophthalmic artery

Question 19

What supplies blood to the rest of the nasal cavities besides anterior and superior portions supplied by ethmoidal arteries?

Answer 19

nasal arteries from the sphenopalatine artery which is a branch of maxillary artery

Question 20

General sensory innervation to the nasal cavity is supplied by what?

Answer 20

ethmoidal nerves from V1
nasal nerves from V2
infraorbital nerve from V2

Question 21

Ethmoidal nerves from V1 supply general sensory innervation to what portion of the nasal cavity?

Answer 21

anteriosuperior region of the cavity

Question 22

Nasal nerve from V2 supply general sensory innervation to what portion of the nasal cavity?

Answer 22

the majority of the nasal cavity except anteriosuperior region and vestibule

Question 23

Infraorbital nerve from V2 supplies general sensory innervation to what portion of the nasal cavity?

Answer 23

the nasal vestibule

Question 24

Parasympathetic innervation of the nasal cavity provides what function?

Answer 24

secretomotor to nasal glands

Question 25

Sympathetic innervation of the nasal cavity provides what function?

Answer 25

vasomotor to vessels

Question 26

Describe the pathway of parasympathetic nerve fibers that innervate nasal glands?

Answer 26

preganglionic fibers come from CN 7, facial nerve, and travel along the greater petrosal nerve to the nerve of the pterygoid canal which leads to the pterygopalatine ganglion in the pterygopalatine fossa. They synapse here with postganglionic cell bodies whose fibers travel with nasal nerves into the nasal cavity and their target organ, nasal glands

Question 27

Describe the pathway of sympathetic nerve fibers that constrict blood vessels to the nasal glands, reducing their secretions.

Answer 27

preganglionic fiber come from the lateral horn of the upper thoracic spinal cord and enter the sympathetic trunk via white rami communicantes. They travel up the sympathetic trunk to the superior cervical ganglion where they synapse with the postganglionic cell bodies whose fibers travel with the internal carotid arterial plexus to get to the deep petrosal nerve. Then they follow the nerve to pterygoid and nasal nerves that branch from it into the nasal cavity

Question 28

The paranasal sinuses are lined with what?

Answer 28

mucosa to condition the air

Question 29

What structures associated with the nasal cavity contributes to resonance qualities of voice?

Answer 29

paranasal sinuses

Question 30

Where are the frontal sinuses located?

Answer 30

posterior to the superciliary arches

Question 31

Where do the frontal sinuses drain?

Answer 31

middle nasal meatus through the frontonasal duct

Question 32

The paranasal sinuses that form multiple spaces between the orbit and nasal cavity?

Answer 32

ethmoid air cells

Question 33

Where do the ethmoid air cells drain?

Answer 33

superior and middle nasal meatuses

Question 34

Where do the sphenoid sinuses drain?

Answer 34

sphenoethmoidal recesses, anteriorly

Question 35

Where do the maxillary sinuses drain?

Answer 35

middle nasal meatus, drain best in side posture