NOT built from word parts (10, 11) Flashcards
(140 cards)
1
Q
acute coronary syndrome (ACS)
A
sudden symptoms of insufficient blood supply to the heart indicating unstable angina or acute myocardial infarction
2
Q
aneurysm
A
ballooning of a weakened portion of an arterial wall
3
Q
angina pectoris
A
chest pain, which may radiate to the left arm and jaw, that occurs when there is an insufficient supply of blood to the heart muscle
4
Q
arrhythmia
A
any disturbance or abnormality in the heart’s normal rhythmic pattern
5
Q
atrial fibrillation (AFib)
A
cardiac arrhythmia characterized by chaotic, rapid electrical impulses in the atria
6
Q
cardiac arrest
A
sudden cessation of cardiac output and effective circulation, which requires cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
7
Q
cardiac tamponade
A
acute compression of the heart caused by fluid accumulation in the pericardial cavity
8
Q
coarctation of the aorta
A
congenital stenosis (narrowing) which occurs in the arch of the aorta
9
Q
congenital heart disease
A
heart abnormality present at birth
10
Q
coronary artery disease (CAD)
A
condition that reduces the flow of blood through the coronary arteries to the myocardium that may progress to depriving the heart tissue of sufficient oxygen and nutrients to function normally; most often caused by coronary atherosclerosis
11
Q
cor pulmonale
A
enlargement of the heart’s right ventricle due to pulmonary disease
12
Q
deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
A
condition of thrombus (clot) in a deep vein of the body, most often occurs in lower extremities
13
Q
heart failure (HF)
A
condition in which there is an inability of the heart to pump enough blood through the body to supply the tissues and organs with nutrients and oxygen (aka congestive heart failure)
14
Q
hypertensive heart disease (HHD)
A
disorder of the heart caused by persistent high blood pressure; may be associated with hypertrophy or dilation of the chambers of the heart
15
Q
intermittent claudication
A
condition of pain, tension and weakness in a limb that starts when walking is begun, increases until walking is no longer possible, and then completely resolves when the patient is at rest –> caused by reversible muscle ischemia that occurs with peripheral artery disease
16
Q
mitral valve stenosis
A
narrowing of the mitral valve from scarring, usually caused by episodes of rheumatic fever
17
Q
myocardial infarction (MI)
A
death (necrosis) of a portion of the myocardium caused by lac of oxygen resulting from an interrupted blood supply (aka heart attack)
18
Q
peripheral artery disease (PAD)
A
disease of the arteries in the arms and legs, resulting in narrowing or complete obstruction of the artery
19
Q
rheumatic heart disease
A
damage to the heart muscle or heart valves caused by one or more episodes of rheumatic fever
20
Q
varicose veins
A
distended or tortuous veins usually found in the lower extremities
21
Q
anemia
A
condition on which there is a reduction in the number of erythrocytes (RBCs), may be caused by blood loss, decreased productin of RBCs, or increased destruction of RBCs
22
Q
embolus (pl. emboli)
A
blood clot or foreign material, such as air or fat, that enters the bloodstream and moves until it lodges at another point in the circulation
23
Q
hemophilia
A
inherited bleeding disease most commonly caused by a deficiency of the coagulation factor VIII
24
Q
leukemia
A
malignant disease characterized by excessive increase in abnormal leukocytes (WBCs) formed in the bone marrow
25
sepsis
systematic inflammatory response caused by pathogenic microorganisms, usually bacteria, entering the bloodstream and multiplying, life-threatening condition, which may lead to tissue damage, organ failure, and death
26
Hodgkin disease
malignant disorder of the lymphatic tissue characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, usually beginning in the cervical nodes
27
infectious mononucleosis
acute infection caused by the Epstein-Barr virus characterized by swollen lymph nodes, sore throat, fatigue, and fever
28
aneurysmectomy
surgical excision of an aneurysm
29
artificial cardiac pacemaker
battery-powered apparatus implanted under the skin with leads placed on the heart or in the chamber of the heart used to treat an abnormal heart rhythm
30
automatic implantable cardiac defibrillator (AICD)
device implanted in the body that continuously monitors the heart rhythm
31
catheter ablation
procedure in which abnormal cells that trigger abnormal heart rhythms are destroyed by using a device that heats or freezes the cells
32
coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
surgical technique to bring a new blood supply to heart muscle by detouring around blocked arteries
33
coronary stent
supportive scaffold device placed in the coronary artery; used to treat an artery occluded by plaque
34
embolectomy
surgical removal of an embolus or clot, usually with a balloon catheter
35
femoropoliteal bypass
surgery to establish an alternate route from femoral artery to popliteal artery to bypass an obstruction
36
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)
procedure in which a balloon is advanced into a coronary artery to the area where plaque has formed (aka balloon angioplasty)
37
thrombolytic therapy
injection of a medication either intravenously or intra-arterially to dissolve blood clots
38
bone marrow aspiration
procedure to obtain a sample of the liquid portion of the bone marrow
39
bone marrow biopsy
procedure to obtain a sample of the solid portion of bone marrow
40
bone marrow transplant
infusion of healthy bone marrow cells from a matched donor into a patient with severely diseased or damaged bone marrow
41
digital subtraction angiography (DSA)
process of digital radiographic imaging of the blood vessels that "subtracts" or removes structures not being studied
42
Doppler ultrasound
study that uses high-frequency sound waves for detection of blood flow within the vessels
43
sestamibi test
nuclear medicine test used to diagnose coronary artery disease and assess revascularization after coronary artery bypass surgery
44
single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
nuclear medicine scan that visualizes the heart from several different angles, producing 3D images; used to assess damage to cardiac tissue
45
transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE)
ultrasound test that examines cardiac function and structure by using an ultrasound probe placed in the esophagus
46
cardiac catheterization
diagnostic procedure performed by passing a catheter into the heart from a blood vessel in the groin or arm to examine the condition of the heart and surrounding blood vessels
47
exercise stress test
study that evaluates cardiac function during physical stress by riding a bike or walking on a treadmill --> electrocardiography, echocardiography, nuclear medicine scanning used to measure cardiac function as well
48
blood pressure (BP)
pressure exerted by the blood against the blood vessel walls --> systolic (120) over diastolic pressure (80)
49
pulse
contraction of the heart, which can be felt with a fingertip
50
sphygmomanometer
device used for measuring blood pressure
51
C-reactive protein (CRP)
blood test to measure the amount of C-reactive protein in blood, which when elevated, indicated inflammation in the body
52
creatine phosphokinase (CPK)
blood test used to measure the level of creatine phosphokinase, an enzyme of heart and skeletal muscle released into the blood after muscle injury or necrosis
53
lipid profile
blood test used to measure the amount and type of lipids in a sample of blood
54
troponin
blood test that measures troponin, a heart muscle enzyme
55
activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)
blood test used to monitor anticoagulation therapy for patients taking heparin, an intravenous anticoagulant medication
56
coagulation time
blood test to determine the time it takes for blood to form a clot
57
complete blood count (CBC) and differential (Diff)
laboratory test for basic blood screening that measures various aspects of erythrocytes, leuocytes, and thrombocytes --> this automated test quickly provides a tremendous amount of info about the blood
58
hematocrit (Hct)
percentage of a blood sample that is composed of erythrocytes; used in the diagnosis and evaluation of anemic patients
59
hemoglobin (Hgb)
blood test that measures the amount of hemoglobin in blood
60
prothrombin time (PT)
blood test used to determine certain coagulation activity defects and to monitor anticoagulation therapy for patients taking warfarin, an oral anticoagulant meds
61
bruit
abnormal vascular sound hard through ausculation, caused by turbulent blood flow through arteries or veins
62
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
emergency procedure consisting of external cardiac compressions ; may be accompanied by artificial ventilation
63
defibrillation
application of an electric shock to the myocardium through the chest wall to restore normal cardiac rhythm
64
diastole
phase in the cardiac cycle in which the ventricles relax and fill with blood between contractions (the lower number of a blood pressure reading)
65
extracorporeal
occurring outside the body
66
extravasation
escape of blood or other fluid from a vessel into the tissue
67
fibrillation
rapid, quivering, uncoordinated contractions of the atria or ventricles
68
hypercholesterolemia
excessive amount of cholesterol in the blood; associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease
69
hyperlipidemia
excessive amount of any type of fats in the blood; associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease
70
hypertension (HTN)
blood pressure that is above normal
71
hypertriglyceridemia
excessive amount of triglycerides in the blood; associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease
72
hypotension
blood pressure that is below normal
73
lipids
fats and fatlike substances that serve as a source of fuel in the body and are in important constituent of cell structure
74
lumen
the cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ
75
murmur
abnormal cardiac sound heard through auscultation; caused by turbulent blood flow through the heart
76
occlude
to close tightly, to block
77
phlebotomist
person who performs phlebotomy for the purpose of drawing blood or injecting IV fluids
78
systole
phase in the cardiac cycle in which the ventricle contract and eject blood
79
vasoconstrictor
agent or nerve that narrows the diameter of the blood vessels
80
vasodilator
agent or nerve that expands the diameter of the blood vessels
81
venipuncture
procedure used to puncture a vein with a needle to remove blood, instill a medication, or start an intravenous infusion
82
anticoagulant
agent that slows the blood clotting process
83
blood dyscrasia
abnormal or pathologic condition of the blood
84
hemorrhage
rapid loss of blood, as in bleeding
85
allergen
environmental substance capable of producing a hypersensitivity reaction in the body
86
allergist
physician who studies and treats allergic conditions
87
allergy
hypersensitivity to a substance, resulting in an inflammatory immune response
88
anaphylaxis
exaggerated reaction to a previously encountered antigen such as bee venom, peanuts, or latex
89
antibody
substance produced by lymphocytes that inactivates or destroys antigens
90
antigen
substance that triggers an immune response when introduced into the body
91
autoimmune disease
disease caused by the body's inability to distinguish its own cells from foreign bodies, thus producing antibodies that attack its own tissue
92
immune
being resistant to specific invading pathogens
93
immunodeficiency
deficient immune response caused by immune system dysfunction brought on by disease or immunosuppressive drugs
94
immunologist
physician who studies and treats immune system disorders
95
immunology
branch of medicine dealing with immune system disorders
96
phagocytosis
process in which some of the white blood cells destroy the invading microorganism and old cells
97
vaccine
suspension of weakened or killed microorganisms administered by injection, mouth, or nasal spray, which induces immunity to prevent an infectious disease
98
adhesion
abnormal growing together or two peritoneal surfaces that normally are separated
99
celiac disease
malabsorption syndrome caused by an immune reaction to gluten, which may damage the lining of the small intestine that is responsible for absorption of food into the bloodstream
100
cirrhosis
chronic disease of the liver with gradual destruction of cells and formation of scar tissue; commonly caused by alcoholism and certain types of viral hepatitis
101
Crohn disease
chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract usually affecting the ileum and colon; characterized by cobblestone ulcerations ad formation of scar tissue that may lead to intestinal obstruction
102
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
abnormal backward flow of the gastrointestinal contents into the esophagus, causing heartburn and gradual breakdown of the mucous barrier of the esophagus
103
hemochromatosis
iron metabolism disorder that occurs when too much iron is absorbed from food, resulting in excessive deposits of iron in the tissue
104
hemorrhoids
swollen or distended veins in the rectum or anus, which are called internal or external, respectively, and can be a source of rectal bleeding and pain
105
ileus
non-mechanical obstruction of the intestine, caused by a lack of effective peristalsis
106
intussusception
telescoping of a segment of the intestine
107
irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
periodic disturbances of bowel function, such as diarrhea and/or constipation, usually associated with abdominal pain
108
obesity
excess of body fat, which increases body weight
109
peptic ulcer
erosion of the mucous membrane of the stomach or duodenum associated with increased secretion of acid from the stomach, bacterial infection, or medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
110
polyp
tumorlike growth extending outward from a mucous membrane; usually benign; common sites are in the nose, throat, and intestines
111
ucerative colitis (UC)
disease characterized by inflammation of the colon with the formation of ulcers, which can cause bloody diarrhea
112
volvulus
twisting or kinking of the intestine, causing intestinal obstruction
113
abdominoperineal resection (APR)
removal of the distal colon, rectum, and anal sphincter through both abdominal and perineal approaches; performed to treat some colorectal cancers and inflammatory diseases of the lower large intestine
114
anastomosis
connection created by surgically joining two structures, such as blood vessels or bowel segments
115
bariatric surgery
surgical reduction of gastric capacity to treat morbid obesity
116
hemorrhoidectormy
excision of hemorrhoids, the swollen or distended veins in the lower rectum and anus
117
vagotomy
cutting of certain branches of the vagus nerve, performed with gastric surgery to reduce the amount of gastric acid produced and thus reduce the recurrence of ulcers
118
abdominal sonography
ultrasound scan of the abdominal cavity in which the size and structure of organs such as the aorta, liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, ad pancreas can be visualized
119
barium enema (BE)
series of radiographic images taken of the large intestine after the contrast agent barium has been administered rectally
120
endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)
procedure in which contrast media is introduced into the biliary and pancreatic ducts
121
endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)
procedure using an endoscope fitted with an ultrasound probe that provides images of the esophageal and stomach linings, as well as the walls of the small and large intestines; used to detect tumors
122
upper GI series
series of radiographic images taken of the pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and duodenum after the contrast agent barium has been administered orally
123
fecal occult blood test (FOBT)
test to detect occult blood in feces
124
Helicobacter pylori antibodies test
blood test to determine the presence of H. pylori bacteria --> bacteria are found in lining of stomach and can cause peptic ulcers
125
ascites
abnormal collection of fluid in the perioneal cavity
126
diarrhea
frequent discharge of liquid stool
127
dystentery
disorder that involves inflammation of the intestine associated with abdominal pain and diarrhea that is often bloody
128
emesis
expelling matter from the stomach through the mouth (aka vomiting)
129
feces
waste from the gastrointestinal tract expelled through the rectum
130
flatus
gas in the gastrointestinal tract or expelled through the anus
131
gastric lavage
washing out of the stomach
132
gavage
process of feeding a person through a tube
133
hematemesis
vomiting of blood
134
hematocheia
passage of visibly bloody feces
135
malabsorption
impaired digestion or intestinal absorption of nutrients
136
melena
black, tarry stool that contains digested blood; usually a result of bleeding in the upper GI tract
137
palpate
to examine by hand; to feel
138
peristalsis
involuntary wavelike contractions that propel food along the gastrointestinal tract
139
reflux
abnormal backward flow
140
stoma
surgical opening between an organ and the surface of the body
