notes 5 reactions to classical liberalism Flashcards
(13 cards)
explain the two main reasons for changes in europe and north america in the 1700s
urbanization - changed structure + location of the way most people lived, changed from farms to cities
rising middle class - middle class = disposable income + aspirations for improvement . they changed the way goods + services were consumed. landfills, as well as positions of “managers” and professionals” became common
2 benefits of industrial revolution
school - public education, goal was preparation for the workplace (ex. by using bells to signal class start)
tech - developed rapidly. important changes to communication, transportation, production, consumer products, weapons
downsides of industrial revolution
- dangerous working conditions
- child labour
- slums (crowded, substandard housing)
- deterioration of environment
luddites
1811-1816, britain
jobs were threatened by machines + unskilled workers
- machines were more efficient + faster, and were easy to operate so cheaper labor was employed
⬇️
retaliated by destroying the machines
- cuts to minimum wage + outlawing of worker unions left them feeling powerless/unheard
- became punishable by death
- seen as a reaction to an economic downturn since they disappeared once the economy went back up (found other jobs)
chartists
1838-1857, britain
wanted extensive reformation of social + political systems (mostly changing technicalities of political system)
presented a charter signed by millions, advocating for:
- universal (male) suffrage
- equal sized electoral districts
- secret ballot
- no more having to be wealthier to vote or run in election
- paid MPs
- annual elections (this one did not actually happen but 4 years is close enough I guess)
idea of changing political process to change economic as result
utopian socialism
1830-1848
modify social, political, economic systems to make them more socialist
created experimental communities with shortened work weeks, better conditions, strict rules, etc.
these communities largely failed
marxist socialism (3 other names, and describe)
1847 on
aka scientific socialism
aka revolutionary socialism
aka communistm
overthrow capitalist gov
ideas of class struggle between working class + wealthy
violent
progressivism
concern for the people caused by industrial revolution and its long hours, poor conditions, etc.
limit economic freedom of employers (ex. predetermined wages) and individual freedom of employees (ex. prohibition of alcohol)
demand side economics
good individual + national economies –> high taxes + interest rates so the gov can save up for bad times, not a lot of gov spending
⬇️ ⬆️
bad individual + national economies –> lower taxes + interest rates to boost economy, more gov spending on social programs
reactions to advocates for change during 1800s
luddism was made a capital crime (death penalty)
chartist rallies attacked by army
people globally were generally unhappy with their economy
didn’t begin expanding franchise (suffrage) + introducing reforms (ex. social programs) until 1860sa
very during industrial revolution
classical liberalism drives people to obtain private property, views slaves as property, “freedom” of owners to do what they wanted
⬇️
so gov didn’t intervene
triangular trade –> slave trade important in generating wealth in england + the americas
basic system of triangular trade
raw materials from NA to europe
manufactured goods from europe to africa
slaves from africa to NA
food shortage: classical liberalism vs socialism
classical liberalism (business perspective, hands off) - let people starve, then they die and there are less people to feed, survival of the fittest
socialism (human perspective, gov/public assistance) - increase supply, or do whatever to FEED people because they are human and deserving of life
begins ideological battle between the two
