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Languid meaning > Nov 1, 6, 8... > Flashcards

Nov 1, 6, 8... Flashcards

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1
Q

What is syntax?

A

structure and formation of phrases and sentences

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2
Q

What is syntax similar to, interms of hierarchical structure, order, and meaning?

A

morphology

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3
Q

What are words normally compared to when being assessed?

A

morphemes

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4
Q

What are grammaticality judgments associated with?

A

syntactic knowledge

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5
Q

What else is missing in the list of syntactic knowledge?
- grammaticality judgments
co-occurrence: argument vs. adjunct, agreement
- syntactic constituents and categories
- hierarchical structure
- phrase structure rules
- structural ambiguity

A

word order

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6
Q

What is co-occurrence?

A

requirement that X co-occur with y

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7
Q

What parts of speech iare associated with co-occurrence?

A

verbs and nouns

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8
Q

What do all verbs require?

A

a subject

e.g., [The boy] rested

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9
Q

Certain verbs require an…?

A

object

e.g., Max feels [happy]

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10
Q

What is an argument aided by?

A

a verb

e.g., John devoured the [large] pizza

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11
Q

What is an adjunct?

A

an optional element

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12
Q

What requires obligatoriness: arguments or adjuncts?

A

arguments

e. g., Sally seemed happy
* Sally seemed
* seemed happy

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13
Q

What requires uniqueness: arguments or adjuncts?

A

arguments

e.g., *Maria put the book/ the magazine on the table

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14
Q

What requires ordering: arguments or adjuncts?

A

arguments

e.g., Sally put the table on the book

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15
Q

What do co-occurrence agreements require?

A

morphological requirements between a verb and its subject argument, or a noun and its determiner
e.g., must agree with person, #, gender, etc.

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16
Q

What are these categories under?

  • subject-verb
  • determiner-noun
A

agreement

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17
Q

What is the order for constituents?

A

words - phrases - clauses - sentences

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18
Q

At each level words are organized into united, called…

A

constituents

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19
Q

Constituents reveal how sentences are…

A

structured

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20
Q

Tests to determine whether a string of words forms a constituent or not include:

  • question-answer
  • clefting
  • pro-form substitution
A
  • topicalization
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21
Q

Constituents can serve as an answer to a…

A

question

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22
Q

Constituents can be _____ to the beginning of a sentence

A

clefted
e.g., the cat was sleeping on the desk .
it was the cat that was…

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23
Q

Constituents can be moved to the _____ of the sentence as a topic

A

the beginnig
e.g., Morris really loves green bananas.
or Green bananas, Morris really loves __.

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24
Q

When constituents can be moved to the beginning of the sentence as a topic, what is this process?

A

topicalization

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25
Constituents can be replaced by pro-forms, using ______ or ____
pronouns, proverbs
26
That which constituents can be replaced by to form pronouns, proverbs
pro-form substitution
27
What are grammaticality jdugments?
judgments on whether a sentence is grammatical or ungrammatical (well-formed or ill-formed)
28
What helps to reognize violations of syntactic rules?
grammaticality judgments
29
What are properties of grammaticality judgments: - shared by all speakers of a language - can apply to sentences never heard before - not dependent on meaning of sentence - not dependent on truth of sentence
- not based on explicit instruction
30
Every word belongs to a
lexical category
31
N =
noun
32
V =
verb
33
Adj =
adjective
34
Adv =
adverb
35
Det =
determiner (the, an)
36
P =
preposition (at, by)
37
Aux =
auxiliary verb
38
Pron =
pronoun (she, he)
39
Conj =
conjunction (and, or)
40
Words belonging to the same lexical category function in the ____ way
same
41
___ refer to real, imaginary and abstract gthings, substances, people, places, actions, events
nouns
42
If ___ can be counted, may form plural by adding -s
nouns
43
If nouns can be counted, may form plural by adding -
s
44
___ can occur with the, these
nouns
45
___ can be modified by adjectives
nouns
46
Nouns can be modified by __
adjectives
47
____ refer to action, events, processes, states of being
verbs
48
___ express time with particular forms: -ed, sang
verbs
49
___ express manner with particular forms: -ing, -ed/-en
Verbs
50
Verbs can occur with ___
auxiliaries
51
___ can occur with auxiliaries
verbs
52
Verbs can be modified by ____
adverbs
53
___ can be modified by adverbs
verbs
54
____ describe the things, ideas, etc. that nouns refer to
adjectives
55
____ can have comparative forms (long-er)
adjectives
56
Adjectives can have comparative forms such as ___
- er | e. g., longer
57
___ can have superlative forms (long-est)
adjectives
58
Adjectives can have comparative forms such as ____
- est | e. g., long-est
59
___ can be modified by degree words: very, too
adjectives
60
Adjectives can be modified by degree words such as ___
very, too
61
____ express manner, describe attitude or judgment of speaker, or indicate temporal frequency
adverbs
62
Adverbs express manner, ____ or indicate temporal frequency
describe attitude or judgment of speaker
63
Adverbs can have ____ or ____ forms
comparative (more quickly) | superlative (most quickly)
64
____ can have comparative or superlative forms
adverbs e.g., more quickly most quickly
65
Adverbs can be modified by ___ words
degree | e.g., very, too
66
____ can be modified by degree words: very, too
adverbs
67
Phrasal categories are also known as
syntactic categories
68
Words or expressions belonging to the same ____ category function in the same way, i.e., have the same ___ distribution
syntactic
69
``` Some phrasal/syntactic categories are: NP PP __ __ ```
VP | S = sentence
70
__ took a nap on the sofa. | what kind of phrasal category is this?
NP noun phrase
71
Where did you __? | What kind of phrasal category is this?
VP verb phrase
72
Dogs make good pets. | What kind of phrasal category is this?
NP noun phrase | DOGS make good pets
73
John walked into the classroom. What kind of phrasal category is this?
PP | John walked INTO THE CLASSROOM
74
VP in traditional grammar is
subject + predicate
75
What is a predicate?
what the subject did
76
Where is a predicate used?
in a VP = subject + predicate (the subject and what the subject did)
77
What does asymmetry between subject and object refer to?
object is 'closer' to the verb
78
What is asymmetry between subject and object associated with?
VP
79
What is an example of an asymmetry between subject and object phrase?
VP the boy laughed The cat CHASED THE BIRD
80
What part of a VP is this? | laughed
V
81
What part of a VP is this? | chased [np = a red bird]
V NP
82
What part of a VP is this? walked [pp into the classroom]
V PP
83
What part of a VP is this? put [np the car] [pp in the garage]
V NP PP
84
What part of a VP is this? gave [np Marie] [np a present]
V NP NP
85
What part of a VP is this? said [s Walter left early]
V S
86
What part of a VP is this? FELL slowly
V Adv
87
What type of rule are these? determine correct phrase structure (combinations of syntactic categories) part of syntactic knowledge not taught accessed through grammaticality judgments
phrase structure (PS) rules
88
1 PS rule is: | determine correct phrase structure using a combination of ___ ___
syntactic categories
89
1 PS rule is phrase needs to be a part of ____ knowledge
syntactic
90
1 PS rule is that the phrase is not ___
taught
91
1 PS rule is that the phrase is accessed through ____ ____
grammaticality judgments
92
PS rules for: NP | dogs
N
93
PS rules for: NP | the dogs
Det N
94
PS rules for: NP | the big dogs
Det Adj N
95
PS rules for: NP | the dogs in the park
det N PP
96
PS rules for: NP | the big dogs in the park
Det Adj N PP
97
What is the PS ruel for NP?
NP -> (Det) (Adj) N (PP)
98
What do the brackets refer to in a phrase structure rule?
brackets connote optional, whereas non-brackets are obligatory
99
Phrase structure rules for PP: | into the classroom
P NP
100
Phrase structure rules for PP: | up the stairs
P NP
101
Phrase structure rules for PP: | from the house
P NP
102
What is the Phrase structure rule for PP:
PP -> P NP
103
Phrase structure rules for VP: | laughed
V
104
Phrase structure rules for VP: | chased a red bird
V NP
105
Phrase structure rules for VP: | walked into the classroom
V PP
106
Phrase structure rules for VP: | put the car in the garage
V NP PP
107
Phrase structure rules for VP: | gave Marie a present
V NP NP
108
Phrase structure rules for VP: fell slowly
V Adv
109
Phrase structure rules for VP: | said Walter left early
V S
110
What is the phrase structure rule for VP?
VP -> V (NP) (NP) (Adv) (PP) (Adv)
111
What is another structure rule for VP?
VP -> V S
112
What are the phrase structure rules for S?
S -> NP (Aux) (not) VP
113
What is the phrase structure rule for S? | Jason walks to school
NP VP
114
What is the phrase structure rule for S? | Jason will walk to school
NP Aux VP
115
What is the phrase structure rule for S? | Jason should walk to school
NP Aux VP
116
What is the phrase structure rule for S? | Jason can walk to school
NP Aux VP
117
What is the phrase structure rule for S? | Jason will not walk to school
NP Aux not VP
118
What structure rule is this? | NP (Aux) (not) VP
S
119
What structure rule is this? | Det) (Adj) N (PP
NP
120
What structure rule is this? | V (NP) (NP) (Adv) (pp0 (Adv)
VP
121
What structure rule is this? | V S
VP
122
What structure rule is this? | P NP
PP

Languid meaning (5 decks)

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