Sep 6, 11, 13, 18 and 20 Flashcards
(220 cards)
1
Q
What is linguistics?
A
the study of language
2
Q
What is a language?
A
a system of sounds, words, sentences, gestures, and/or meanings
3
Q
What is language used for?
A
to communicate
4
Q
What is the difference between language and a language?
A
system of communication
vs.
specific system common to a group of people
5
Q
What does linguistics see language as?
A
a system
6
Q
What does applied linguistics see language as?
A
a context
7
Q
What are areas of context in applied linguistics?
A
language learning and teaching bilingualism discourse writing literacy language and power
8
Q
Language is (1)…
A
a complex system
9
Q
Language is (2)…
A
uniquely human
10
Q
Language is (3)…
A
a cognitive science (of the mind)
11
Q
What is IPA?
A
the International Phonetic Alphabet
12
Q
What is involved with language and the mind?
A
sound that pertains to meaning
13
Q
What are components of a language?
A
sounds, words, sentences and meanings
14
Q
what are rules of a language?
A
explains patterns
15
Q
What do English speakers of linguistics study beyond English?
A
language universals and differences
16
Q
What is linguistic knowledge (mainly)?
A
the relationship between sound and meaning
17
Q
What is linguistic knowledge (2)?
A
mostly arbitrary
18
Q
What is linguistic knowledge (3)?
A
sometimes iconic
e.g. onomatopoeia (buzz), sound symbolism (snot, snooze relating to the nose)
19
Q
what is phonetics and phonology?
A
the study of sounds
20
Q
What are the specific components of phonetics (1st)?
A
inventory
e.g. sock vs. Bach
21
Q
What are the specific components of phonetics (2nd)?
A
combinations
e.g. (spaff vs. *fsap)
22
Q
What does the * symbol refer to in linguistics?
A
an ungrammatical word or phrase
e.g. *dog sleeps the
23
Q
What is morphology?
A
the study of words
24
Q
What are the specific components of morphology (1st)?
A
lexicon (mental dictionary)
25
What are the specific components of morphology (2nd)?
lexical categories (noun, verb, adjective, adverb...)
26
What are the specific components of morphology (3rd)?
internal structure
- understand: "ungiraffelike"
- construct: "treat-ment"
27
What is syntax?
sentence structure
e.g. The groom carries the bride vs.
The bride carries the groom
(a picture of the latter, so the 2nd sentence makes sense)
28
What is the typical syntax for English?
subject-verb-object
29
What language syntax uses subject-object-verb?
Latin
30
What is semantics?
word meaning (that speakers agree on), as well as word relations (e.g. synonyms, antonyms, etc.), as well as sentence meaning (truth, anomaly - not making sense, metaphor, etc), sentence relations (logic trails ===
e. g. 1. John has a poodle, therefore John has a dog.
2. John has a dog.
* John has a poodle
31
What is the use of language?
pragmatics, or language in context
| e.g. statements that can be factual, or ironic ("that was a really smart thing to do"
32
What are the components and rules of a language?
grammar
33
What exists in the minds of its speakers, and is of most interest to linguists, as opposed to spoken grammar?
mental grammar (competence)
34
Who uses mental grammar?
supposedly just humans
35
What does mental grammar enable us to do?
allows us to form and interpret words and sentences as well as allows us to communicate
36
Who penned that language is unique to humans and develops too rapidly to be simply learned?
Noam Chomsky
37
What is universal grammar (1)?
innate set of linguistic principles shared by all humans
38
What is universal grammar (2)?
biologically programmed to learn language
39
What is a specific language?
universal grammar + language input data
40
Does mental competence and performance correspond?
not always
41
Why do linguists study competence?
because people make mistakes (affected by memory, slips of the tongue, etc.), and it is interesting to learn the science of how the brain manifests particular language to communicate
42
What is prescriptive grammar?
prescribed by grammarians, and considered judgmental of a language
43
What is descriptive grammar?
describes one's linguistic knowledge or rules according to particular dialect and does not suggest corrections but studies are done on what it is
44
What is AAE, and MAE?
African American English, and Mainstream American English
45
What is a linguistic perspective to the AAE and MAE video (AAE Jeopardy)?
descriptive grammar's features, and differences betwen AAE and MAE
46
What is a applied linguistic perspective to the AAE and MAE video?
first language and second language acquisition and sociolinguistics
47
What kind of verb is "to be"?
a copula verb
48
What languages are similar to AAE?
Japanese (no 3rd person singular agreement ("My grandpa cook dinner every night", no verb "to be" ("He funny"), and double negatives used ("We don't have nothin' to do"), and Dyirbal (Australia) has no past tense markers ("Last night, we bake cookies")
49
What are linguistic subdisciplines?
```
first language acquisition
second language acquisition
sociolinguistics
psycholinguistics
endangered languages
language and computers
forensic linguistics
```
50
What is the theory of grammar?
a process of deduction in order to figure out a speaker's competence based on the speaker's performance (without being able to observe mental grammar directly)
51
What are the rules of the scientific method for linguistics?
a. construct theory based on linguistic data
b. test theory on more data
c. revise theory if necessary, and go back to b
52
What example did we use for studying the scientific study of language?
```
"How do we form the English plural?"
e.g.
cup (s)
car (z)
church (iz)...
```
53
What is phonetics?
the study of speech sounds
54
what is articulatory phonetics?
the study of sound PRODUCTION
55
What is acoustic phonetics?
study of speech transmission and physical properties
56
what is auditory phonetics?
study of speech perception
57
In articulatory phonetics, how do letters differ?
in the place and manner of their articulation
58
How is sound produced?
through the movement of air
59
Where does sound production start?
from the lungs as an air source
60
Following the expulsion of air from the lungs, how does sound continue in its production?
through the larynx (sound source)
61
Following the expulsion of air through the larynx, how does sound continue in its production?
through the pharynx (acts as a sound filter)
62
Following the expulsion of air through the pharynx, , how does sound continue in its production?
through the oral/nasal cavity (acts as other filters)
63
What is the order of physical structures used in sound production?
```
lips
teeth
tongue
alveolar ridge
nostril
nasal cavvity
hard palate
oral cavity
soft palate
uvula
pharynx
epiglottis
larynx
glottis
lungs
```
64
What is the phrase to remember when thinking about the various parts of the sound production system?
```
lips - let's
teeth - try
tongue - talking
alveolar ridge - about
nose - new
nasal cavity - nighttime
hard palate - habits
oral cavity - or
soft palate - stuff
uvula - understood
pharynx - private,
epiglottis - even
larynx - labelled
glottis - generally
lungs - iLlegal
```
65
What is the speech production system phrase?
Let's go leave everything plastered unless very obviously high, 'n not attempt to try leaving
66
When the vocal folds are closed, is it voiced or voiceless (glottal state)?
when they're closed it's voiced (the folds vibrate)
67
When the vocal folds are open, is it voiced or voiceless (glottal state)?
it is voiceless because the folds do NOT vibrate
68
Where is the larynx
at the top of the trachea (wind pipe)
69
What is the larynx mostly made of?
mostly cartilage
70
What does the larynx contain?
vocal folds (2 bands of muscle)
71
What do the vocal folds do?
modulate air flow
72
What is the glottis?
an opening between the vocal folds
73
What is the pharynx?
it connects the larynx to the oral cavity
74
What is a whisper?
a form of voicelessness
75
How are whispers created?
using anterior (front) portions of vocal folds which close together
76
What are the two major classes of sounds for universal grammar?
consonants and vowels
77
How are consonants created?
with the complete closure or narrowing of the vocal cords
78
How is airflow used when creating consonants?
airflow is blocked momentarily or restricted
79
Are consonants voiced or voiceless?
both
80
How are vowels created?
with little obstruction in the vocal tract
81
Are vowels voiced or voiceless?
mostly voiced
82
Are vowels short and quiet or long and loud?
long and loud
83
What do vowels make up in a sentence?
the nucleus of the syllable/s
84
What is the IPA?
a universal system for transcribing speech developed by the International Phonetic Association
85
What symbols are mostly used in IPA?
mostly those of the Roman alphabet
86
What symbols are used in addition to the Roman alphabet?
ʃ, θ, ð, ʌ, ɛ, ʊ
| shh, theta, thy, ah, eh, oh
87
What is the major attraction of the IPA?
one sound equals one symbol
88
How does the oral system differ in the IPA from the written system?
in the former, one sound equals one symbol, whereas in the written system it can differ
89
What is a written system example of one sound with different letters?
i, ei, ie, ee, ...
90
What is a written system example of one letter, different sounds?
c, s
91
What is a written system example of one sound, different combo of letters?
ea, oe, ...
92
What is a written system example of one letter, a combo of sounds?
x, kx,
93
What is a written system example of one letter, no sound?
pt ("t"), ps ("s")
94
What is are the advantages of the IPA (1)?
spelling is irrelevant
95
What is are the advantages of the IPA (2)?
it is consistent across all languages
96
What is the equivalent in IPA for North American phonetics for š?
ʃ ("sh")
97
What is the equivalent in IPA for North American phonetics for ž?
ʒ ("rouGE")
98
What is the equivalent in IPA for North American phonetics for č?
ʧ ("CHeddar")?
99
What is the equivalent in IPA for North American phonetics for j̆?
ʤ ("minGE")
100
What is the purpose of syllabic consonants?
forms the nucleus of a syllable
101
What are different versions of phonetic symbols?
diacritic symbols ?
102
How are consonants articulated?
through the restriction or closure in the vocal tract
103
How is the production of consonants determined (1)?
by the place of articulation in the oral cavity
104
How is the production of consonants determined (2)?
through the manner of articulation (how airstream is affected)
105
What is bilabial articulation?
lips are pressed together
106
What is labiodental articulation?
upper teeth and lower lip meet
107
What is interdental articulation?
the tongue and the teeth meet
108
What is alveolar articulation?
the front part of the tongue hits the alveolar ridge (the hard ridge on the roof of the mouth)
109
What is post-alveolar articulation?
the tongue hits just behind the alveolar ridge
110
What is palatal articulation?
the body of the tongue hits the hard palate
111
What is velar articulation?
the back of the tongue hits the velum (soft area at the back of the roof o fthe mouth)
e.g., [x] Bach
112
What are the different types of velar articulation?
labiovelar [w] and rounded velar [ʍ]
113
What is glottal articulation?
vocal folds are the primary articulators
114
How can glottal articulation differ?
glottis opens completely [h], or the vocal folds are tightly closed [ʔ like "uh_oh"]
115
How are these symbols articulated the same? [t], [d], [n], [s], [z], [l], [ɹ]
they have the same place of articulation
116
How are these symbols articulated differently? [t], [d], [n], [s], [z], [l], [ɹ]
through a different manner of articulation (how airstream is modified in vocal tract)
117
What comprises a voiced manner?
vocal folds CLOSE together causing air to vibrate
| e.g., [b] [w] [d] [z]
118
What comprises a voiceless manner?
vocal folds are pulled apart allowing air to pass directly through the glottis
e.g., [p] [ʍ] [t] [s]
119
What are phonetic stops?
the airsteam is stopped completely in the oral cavity
120
What are phonetic stops a.k.a.?
plosives
121
What are the types of manners that use stops?
bilabial
alveolar
velar
glottal
122
What are fricatives?
that which is nearly completed obstructed of the airstream, with a narrow passage causing friction
123
What are the types of manners that use fricatives?
```
labiodental
interdental
alveolar
post-alveolar
glottal
(most common)
```
124
What are affricates?
that which the stop closure is immediately followed by a slow release of fricative-type closure
125
What is the type of fricative-type closure?
post-alveolar
126
What is the nasal manner?
velum is lowered, allowing air to escape through the nose but is obstructed in the oral cavity (nasal stops)
127
What are types of nasals?
bilabial
alveolar
velar
128
What are approximanants?
that which involves the constriction of the vocal tract but has no turbulence
129
Are approximants more or less sonorous than most other consonants?
more
130
What are types of approximants?
liquids
| glides
131
What are lateral liquids?
air escapes laterally over lowered sides of the tongue
132
What is a type of lateral liquid?
alveolar
| [l]
133
What are retroflex liquids?
tongue is rounded and air escapes around the tongue
134
What is a type of retroflex liquid?
alveolar [ɹ]
135
What are glides?
only a slight closure of articulators which is always preceded or followed directly by a vowel
136
What is a "semivowel"?
a more open symbol that would be a vowel
137
What are types of glides?
palatal
bilabial
labiovelar
138
What are types of flaps?
similar to a stop, it is a very quick closure
139
What is a type of flap?
alveolar [ɾ] butter, ladder
140
What is the list of place of articulation for consonants?
```
Bilabial
Labiodental
Interdental
Alveolar
Post-alveolar
Palatal
Velar
Glottal
```
141
What is the list of manner of articulation for consonants?
```
Stops
Fricatives
Affricatives
Nasal
Lateral Liquid
Retroflex Liquid
Glide
Flap
```
142
What is the place and manner for p?
voiceless bilabial stop
143
What is the place and manner for n?
voiced velar nasal
144
What is the place and manner for d?
voiced alveolar stop
145
What is the place and manner for h?
voiceless glottal fricative
146
What is the place and manner for j?
voiced alveolar glide
147
Major phonetic classes:
place of articulation
manner of articulation
articulatory class
articulatory parameter (v)
obstruction of air flow (obstruent, sonorant)
obstruction of air flow (consonantal, nonconsonantal)
total obstruction of air in oral cavity (continuant, noncontinuant)
148
What are the labials (articulatory classes)?
bilabials, labiodentals, labiovelars
149
What are the coronals (articulatory classes)?
interdentals, alveolars, post-alveolars, palatals
150
What are the anteriors (articulatory classes)?
labials, interdentals, alveolars
151
What are the sibilants/stridents (articulatory classes)?
[s], [z], [ʃ], [ʒ], [ʧ], [ʤ]
152
What are obstruents?
full or almost full obstruction of air in sounds
153
What are examples of obstruents?
stops
fricatives
affricates
154
What are sonorants?
no obstruction of air - singable
155
What are examples of sonorants?
nasals
liquids
gilides
all vowels
156
What are consonantals?
some obstruction to air flow
157
What are examples of consonantals?
all consonants except glides:
obstruents
nasals
liquids
158
What are nonconsonantals?
no obstruction
159
What are examples of nonconsonantals?
glides
| all vowels
160
What are continuants?
no total obstruction in oral cavity
161
What are examples of continuants?
fricatives
liquids
glides
all vowels
162
What are noncontinuants?
total obstruction in oral cavity
163
What are examples of noncontinuants?
stops
nasals
affricates
164
What are the articulatory classes?
```
LCAS
labials
coronals
anteriors
sibilants/stridents
```
165
What are the articulatory parameters?
```
specific to vowels:
high, mid or low
front, central or back
rounded or unrounded
tense or lax
```
166
What are obstruents?
full or almost full obstruction of air flow
167
What are sonorants?
little or no obstruction of air flow
168
What are examples of sonorants?
nasals
liquids
glides
vowels
169
What are examples of obstruents?
stops
fricatives
affricates
170
What are consonantals?
obstruents (stops, fricatives, affricates)
nasals
liquids
171
What are nonconsonantals?
glides
| vowels
172
What are noncontinuants?
total obstruction wsomewhere in the oral cavity (even if air escapes through the nose)
173
What are examples of noncontinuants?
stops
nasals
africates
174
What are continuants?
no obstruction in the oral cavity
175
What are examples of continuants?
fricatives
liquids
glides
vowels
176
How do you write in IPA: futon?
[ɸʊton]
177
How do you write in IPA: kayak?
[qajaq]
178
What are high vowels?
```
Blade of tongue raised
[i] he, be
[ɪ] it, lip
Back of tongue raised
[u] poodle
[ʊ] foot, put
```
179
What are mid vowels?
```
Tongue neither raised nor lowered
[e] pear
[ɛ] pet
[ʌ] bus
[o] bore
[ə] resign
```
180
What are low vowels?
Tongue is lowered
[æ] bat
[ɑ] pot
[a]+V fight [aɪ]
181
What are rounded vowels?
Rounded: [u], [ʊ], [o]
182
What are unrounded vowels?
Unrounded: [i], [ɪ], [e], [ɛ], [æ], [ʌ], [ə], [ɑ], [a]
183
What are English unrounded vowels?
Unrounded: all front & central vowels and [ɑ]
184
What are English rounded vowels?
Rounded: all back vowels except for [ɑ]
185
What are tense vowels?
Greater constriction in vocal tract
Tongue muscles tenser
Longer duration
[i], [e], [u], [o], [a], [ɑ]
186
What are lax vowels?
Less constriction in vocal tract
Tongue muscles less tense
[ɪ], [ɛ], [ʌ], [ə], [ʊ], [ɔ], [æ]
187
What are dipthongs?
vowel changes in quality within a syllable
tongue moves toward glide position
longer than simple vowels
188
What is a word that uses the IPA vowels [aɪ]?
rye, tide
189
What is a word that uses the IPA vowels[oɪ]?
boy, point
190
What is a word that uses the IPA vowels[eɪ]
pay, paint
191
What is a word that uses the IPA vowels[aʊ]
brow, pout
192
What is a word that uses the IPA vowels[oʊ]
flow, boat
193
What is the order from left to right for Canadian English vowels?
i I e E ae e^ a aI aU oI oU a o U u
194
how would you describe u by articulatory parameters?
high back tense rounded vowel
195
What are the descriptions for articulatory parameters for vowels?
height
retraction
tenseness
rounding
196
What are the descriptions for articulatory parameters for ae?
high, front, lax, unrounded
197
What are the descriptions for articulatory parameters for e?
medium, front, tense, unrounded
198
What are the descriptions for articulatory parameters for i?
high front tense unrounded
199
What are the descriptions for articulatory parameters for I?
high front lax unrounded
200
What are the descriptions for articulatory parameters for eI?
medium front tense unrounded
201
What are the descriptions for articulatory parameters for E?
medium front lax unrounded
202
What are the descriptions for articulatory parameters for e? ae?
low front lax unrounded
203
What are suprasegmentals?
prosodic properties, distrinct from place or manner of articulation
204
What are the examples of prosodic properties?
```
suprasegmentals are:
length
intonation
tone
stress
```
205
Are suprasegmentals more or less than one segment?
more than one segment
206
What is length for suprasegmentals? Is it used in English?
length of vowels and consonants may affect word meaning
| not typically used in English
207
What are long consonants? Are they used for English?
geminates
| not typically used in English; more like in Italian
208
What is pitch and how do you control it?
the scale of voice according to how your vocal folds' tension is controlled and the amount of air passing through the glottis
209
What do tense vocal folds give you (re:pitch)?
they vibrate faster, and greater air pressure in the glottis usually means a higher pitch
210
What do more tense vocal folds give you (re: pitch)?
less tense vocal folds vibrate slower, and with lower air pressure usually means a lower pitch
211
What are two kinds of controlled pitch movement?
intonation and tone
212
What is significant for speech: relative or absolute pitch?
relative (refers to that within a sentence, rather than how high or low your speech is in general)
213
What is intonation?
the pattern of pitch movements across a stretch of speech
214
What are 2 phenomena associated with intonation?
pitch accents and edge tones
215
What is pitch accent?
tone change in the middle of an utterance which indicates prominence
e.g., I want to go to MY house vs.
I WANT to go to my house
may be implied in a different manner
216
What is edge tone?
a tone change at the END of a phrase
| sentence ends with a continuation drop, whereas questions end with a continuation rise
217
Is differences in pitch associated with differences in word meaning in English?
not typically
| more like for Nigerian, Thai, etc.
218
Are the majjority of world languages tone or non-tone languages?
tone languages
| e.g., africa, Asia (Chinese, Thai, Burmese...), Native North American languages
219
What is stressed in suprasegmentals?
combined effects of pitch, length and loudness that emphasizes particular syllables
220
How do syllables' stress vary in sentences?
they are focused on the primary, secondary, penultimate, unstressed (the type of emphasis, not the order it's in)
