What is missing of this list of phonology requirements? - distribution of speech sounds (where they occur) - interaction between sounds - how are sounds organized? - how do we mentally categorizee and perceive sounds? - which sounds are just variations of other sounds?

- which sounds affect the meaning of words?

Sep 27, Oct 2 and 4 Flashcards by B Dubs

What is missing of this list of phonology requirements?

distribution of speech sounds (where they occur)
interaction between sounds
how are sounds organized?
how do we mentally categorizee and perceive sounds?
which sounds are just variations of other sounds?

which sounds affect the meaning of words?

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What is a quality of functions of sounds?

contrast or not

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What is a different sound, and what is a variation of the same sound?

e.g.
[p] and [b] are different sounds
and

[p] and [pʰ] are variations of the same sound

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When are sounds contrastive (a.k.a contrastive segments)?

when they distinguish forms that have DIFFERENT meanings

e.g., [pɪt] [bɪt]

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What is contrastive also known as?

distinctive

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What do contrastive segments belong to?

different PHONEMES
e.g., 
      [p] and [b] are different sounds 
	= belong to different phonemes
      [p] and [pʰ] are variations of the same sound
	= belong to the same phoneme

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What are abstract mental representations of the phonological units of a language?

phonemes

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how do we store sounds in our mind?

by the use of phonemes

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What do phonemes separate sound from?

how it is actually realized in speech

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What is an abstract phoneme?

a sound that does NOT change in meaning the word

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What type of representation is phonetics?

physical (actual)

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What type of representation is phonemics?

abstract (mental)

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What are phones?

the actual physical sounds that re produced

e.g., the physical realizations of a phoneme

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are phones abstract?

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What are physical realizations of a phoneme, in predictable variants?

allophones

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What are also allophones of the pheneme in English?

/t/

[t], [tʰ], [ɾ] and [ʔ]

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What is variation in allophones?

systematic, conditioned by the phonetic context or environment, and predictable

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What is a phonetic context?

sound usage

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What do you use to represent phonemes?

/ sound/

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What do you use to represent allophones?

[ sound ]

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Do phonemes differ from language to language?

yes

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What is crutical to discovering the sound system of a language?

identifying phonemes

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How are phonemes identified?

determining whether they distinguish or contrasts words, and whether they use MINIMAL pairs to find segments that contrast words

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What is an example of a minimal pair?

[bit] and [baet]

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What is a minimal pair?

two forms with distinct meanings that differ by one segment found in the same position in each form

If you change a sound in a word, and it changes the meaning of the word, is it a different phoneme?

yes, if these sounds contrast

Are allophones rule-governed?

yes

when do allophones occur?

when segments are affected and altered by phonetic properties of neighbouring elements

Why are allophone variations rarely noticed?

since we focus attention only on those contrasts that affect meaning

What did Chomsky say about the predictabiliity of allophones?

they are a part of our subconscious knowledge, since we are preprogrammed for language

Are oral and nasal vowels contrastive in english?

No, their occurrence is predictable by rule

When are vowels nasalized before consonants that are in the same syllable?

when before nasal consonants

Why do we notice the nasalization of stops in English?

because they are contrastive

What occurs when interchanging sounds result in a change in meaning?

contrastive distribution (phonemes)

What occurs when sounds do not occr in the same phonological environment?

complementary distribution (allophones)

What occurs when sounds occur in the same environment without changing meaning?

free variation (usually allophones)

Are Turkish vowels [ae] and [E] contrastive?

no, therefore they are allophones

Are Hindi vowels [p] sounds contrastive?

yes, therefore they are phonemes

Are Japanese [o] sounds contrastive?

yes, therefore they are phonemes

What contrast words (phonemes or allophones)?

phonemes

What is physical and what is abstract?

abstract - phonemes | physical - phones

What are predictable by rule (allophones or phonemes)?

allophones

What is a natural class?

a group of sounds in a language that share oen or more articulatory or allophonic property TO THE EXCLUSION OF A LL OTHER SOUNDS IN THAT LANGUAGE

sibilant

hiss

obstruent

obstruction of airflow - stops,, fricatives, affricates

sonorant

open passage of airflow - nasals, liquids, glides, vowels

what are the only oral alveolar stops?

t and d

assimilation

causes a sound to become closer in place of articulation | e.g., un + believable = um-believable

dissimilation

e.g., needing to change two stops into one stop and then a fricative for definition

insertion

e.g., adding a voiceless stop

metathesis

changing order of consonant and vowel for easier pronunciation e.g., CV metathesis = VCCC = CVCC

deletion

deleting a sound for easier pronunciation - prerogative - pronounced /perogative/

aspiration

voiceless stops (pb) preceding a vowel in same syllable become aspirated

what are the stops?

``` b = pb alv = td vel = kg glo = ? ```

What are the fricatives?

``` labio = fv interd = th th alv = s z post = sh z glo = h ```

affricates

alv = ts dz

nasal

``` bi = m alv = n vel = ng ```

lateral

alv = l

glide

``` bil = m w post = j v = m ```

flap

alv = r

what are the places?

``` bilabial labiodental interdental alveolar post-alveolar palatal velar glottal ```

what are the manners

``` stops fricatives affricates nasals lateral retroflex glide flap ```

tense vowels

a, a, e, i, o, u

what order to remember vowels

front = seat sit set sat

middle vowels

above bought

back vowels

look Luke lock

what are common dipthongs?

oi ou au

which vowels are rounded?

Luke look

what is used to see place and manner of articulation?

mri - electromagnetic articulography

what are labials?

bilabial, labiodental

coronals

interdetal, alveolar, post-alv, palat

anteriors

b l i a

sibilants

hissss

Sep 27, Oct 2 and 4 Flashcards

(73 cards)