NS IV Autonomic Nervous System

Question 1

what are the NT of the SNS

Answer 1

Norepinephrine and epinephrine

Question 2

what are the NT of the PNS

Answer 2

AcH

Question 3

where are the preganglionic neurons of the SNS located

Answer 3

in the lateral gray horn of the spinal cord

Question 4

where are the preganglionic neurons of the PNS located

Answer 4

motor nuclei of cranial nerves 3,7 ,9 and 11

Question 5

what do ALL preganglionic terminals release and where does it bind

Answer 5

AcH that binds to nicotinic receptors on the postganglionic neuron

Question 6

what type of receptors are nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and what are they selective for

Answer 6

ligand gated ion channels (ionotropic) selective for Na+ and K+

Question 7

where are postganglionic neurons located

Answer 7

outside the CNS

Question 8

what are the options of pathways sympathetic fibers will follow after exiting through a white ramus into one of the ganglia of the sympathetic chain

Answer 8

-synapse with postganglionic neurons at that ganglia
- pass up or down the sympathetic chain then synapse with a different ganglia
- pass through the chain and out a sympathetic splanchnic nerve where it will synapse in a peripheral sympathetic ganglion

Question 9

what receptor types does NE activate

Answer 9

alpha and beta receptors

Question 10

what do most sympathetic postganglionic terminals release and what is the exception

Answer 10

norepinephrine except at sweat glands they release AcH to activate muscarinic receptors

Question 11

what does the adrenal medulla secrete when activated and what does it do

Answer 11

80% epinephrine and 20% norepinephrine into the blood stream to activate adrenergic receptors

Question 12

what enzyme does the adrenal medulla contain and what does it do

Answer 12

PNMT which catalyzes the conversion of NE to EPI

Question 13

which receptor has a lower affinity for catecholamines: alpha or beta

Answer 13

alpha

Question 14

which has a greater potency at alpha receptors: NE or EPI

Answer 14

NE

Question 15

what does alpha 1 receptors do

Answer 15

constrict smooth muscle

Question 16

what do alpha 2 receptors do

Answer 16

blocks further NE release

Question 17

which has a higher potency at beta 1 receptors: NE or EPI

Answer 17

almost equal

Question 18

which has a higher potency at beta 2 receptors: NE or EPI

Answer 18

EPI- much higher

Question 19

which has a higher potency at beta 3 receptors: NE or EPI

Answer 19

NE slightly greater

Question 20

what do beta 1 receptors do

Answer 20

increase heart rate and contractility, increase lipolysis, increase renin secretion, increase protein content in saliva

Question 21

what do beta 2 receptors do

Answer 21

relax smooth muscle, release FA and glucose

Question 22

where are beta 3 receptors foun

Answer 22

adipose tissue

Question 23

where are alpha 1 receptors found

Answer 23

effector tissues, smooth muscle, glands

Question 24

where are alpha 2 receptors found

Answer 24

nerve endings, some smooth muscle

Question 25

where are beta 1 receptors found

Answer 25

cardiac muscle

Question 26

where are beta 2 receptors found

Answer 26

smooth muscle, liver, heart

Question 27

where are beta 3 receptors found

Answer 27

adipose cells

Question 28

what is the effect of injection of epinephrine

Answer 28

causes vasoconstriction via alpha 1 receptors at the site of administration which decreases blood absorption and facilitates neuronal uptake, enhances the quality of analgesia, prolongs duration of action, and limits toxic side effects

Question 29

what does albuterol do

Answer 29

causes bronchodilation through beta 2

Question 30

what are the ways that NE can be removed from the synapse

Answer 30

-diffusion away from synaptic cleft - reuptake by presynaptic terminal -destruction by the enzyme monoamine oxidase (MAO) or COMT

Question 31

what is the difference in axon length between SNS and PNS

Answer 31

PNS has longer preganglionic axons

Question 32

what do preganglionic axons of the PNS supply

Answer 32

-face via CN 3,7,and 9 and the thorax and upper abdomen via CN 10 - pelvic viscera

Question 33

what are the actions of the PNS via muscarinic receptors

Answer 33

-Digestion -Urination -Miosis -Bronchoconstriction - Bradycardia -Lacrimation -salivation

Question 34

what type of receptors are muscarinic receptors

Answer 34

GPCRs

Question 35

what do muscarinic receptors do

Answer 35

constrict smooth muscle, relax sphincters, stimulate glandular secretions

Question 36

where are M1 receptors located and what is their effect

Answer 36

-stomach and salivary glands -excitatory

Question 37

where are M2 receptors found and what is their effect

Answer 37

- smooth muscle, myocardium, cardiac autorhythmic cells, CNS -inhibitory

Question 38

where are M3 receptors found and what is their effect

Answer 38

-exocrine glands, smooth muscle, endothelium, sweat glands -excitatory

Question 39

where are M4 receptors found and what is their effect

Answer 39

-CNS, vagal nerve -inhibitory

Question 40

where are M5 receptors found and what is their effect

Answer 40

-CNS -excitatory

Question 41

what can cause sialorrhea (drooling) in patients

Answer 41

anti-cholinesterases

Question 42

what does the PNS do in the bladder? SNS?

Answer 42

PNS: M2 relaxes sphincter, M3 constricts detrusor CNS: alpha 1 contricts sphincter, beta 2 relaxes detrusor

Question 43

what does the PNS do in the GI tract? SNS?

Answer 43

PNS: M2 relax sphincter, M3 contracts muscle SNS: alpha 1 constricts sphincter, Beta 2 relaxes muscle

Question 44

what does the PNS do in the salivary glands? SNS?

Answer 44

PNS: M1 and M3 stimulate watery secretion due to contraction of myoepithelial cells and vasodilation SNS: alpha 1 vasoconstriction and secretion of concentrated saliva, beta 1 receptors stimulate secretion of protein

Question 45

what is the effect of the SNS on vascular smooth muscle/ blood vessels

Answer 45

alpha 1: vasoconstriction beta 2: vasodilation

Question 46

what is the effect of the PNS on the lungs? SNS?

Answer 46

PNS: M3 constricts bronchial smooth muscle SNS: beta 2 relaxes bronchial smooth muscle