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Physiology > Renal 2- The Urinary System Functional Anatomy and Urine Formation by the Kidneys > Flashcards

Renal 2- The Urinary System Functional Anatomy and Urine Formation by the Kidneys Flashcards

1
Q

what are the renal functions

A
  • regulation of water and electrolyte balance
  • regulation of arterial pressure
  • regulation of solute concentrations (osmolarity)
  • excretion of metabolic waste products and foreign chemicals
  • erythropoiesis via erythropoietin
  • regulation of acid- base balance
  • regulation of active vitamin D (calcitriol) production
  • gluconeogenesis
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2
Q

what metabolic waste products and foreign chemicals are the kidneys responsible for regulating

A
  • urea, uric acid, creatinine, bilirubin
  • drugs, pesticides, food additives
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3
Q

kidney will increase or decrease excretion rate of a substance to match ____

A

input

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4
Q

___ period of time between disturbance and balance

A

small

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5
Q

describe the position of the kidneys in the body cavity

A

retroperitoneal

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6
Q

what is the medulla of the kidneys composed of

A

-renal pyramids
- renal columns

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7
Q

what do renal pyramids contain

A
  • nephrons
    -border of cortex/medulla
    -papilla
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8
Q

what is the functional unit of the kidney and what does it do

A

-nephron: produces urine

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9
Q

what is the pathway of urine

A

minor calyx -> major calyx -> renal pelvis -> ureter -> urinary bladder -> micturition reflex

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10
Q

what do the walls of the ureters contain

A

smooth muscle

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11
Q

describe peristalsis in the ureters

A

-calyces stretched by urine
- initiates peristaltic wave that flows through pelvis, along ureter to bladder

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12
Q

what type of nerves alter peristalsis

A

autonomic

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13
Q

what does the PNS do to peristalsis? SNS?

A
  • PNS: increases it
  • SNS: decreases it
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14
Q

what do the ureters enter the bladder through

A

the detrusor muscle

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15
Q

what does the muscle tone of the detrusor muscle do to the ureter

A

compresses ureter and prevents back flow of urine during micturition

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16
Q

what does the peristaltic wave do to the ureter

A

increase pressure within the ureter, opening ureter lumen, allowing urine to flow into bladder

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17
Q

what is the vesicoureteral reflux

A

-backflow of urine into ureter
- enlargement of ureters
-increase pressure and damage to renal pevlis

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18
Q

what type of innervation do the ureters have

A

rich pain innervation

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19
Q

what is the ureterorenal reflex

A

-ureters blocked (ex: stone)
- reflex to reduce RBF and urine formation
-protective

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20
Q

what type of muscle is the detrusor muscle and what junctions does it contain for cell communication

A

-smooth muscle
- gap junctions conduct APs

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21
Q

what type of muscle is the internal sphincter and what does it do

A
  • smooth muscle and elastic tissue
  • intrinsic tone
  • prevents bladder emptying under pressure increases to threshold
22
Q

what type of muscle is the external urethral sphincter

A

voluntary

23
Q

what do visceral sensory neurons in the pelvic nerves detect

A

degree of bladder stretch

24
Q

what do parasympathetic neurons in the pelvic nerves do

A

stimulate contraction of detrusor muscle and relaxation of internal sphincter

25
Q

what is the pudendal nerve and what does it do

A

somatic motor neurons controlling external sphincter

26
Q

what do sympathetic neurons in the pelvic nerves do

A

control bladder blood vessels

27
Q

describe the micturition reflex (stimulus, reflex receptor, afferent, integrating center, efferent, effector, effector response, feedback type)

A

-stimulus: bladder stretch
- reflex receptor: stretch receptors in the bladder wall
- afferent: visceral sensory
- IC: spinal cord (spinal reflex)
- efferent: parasympathetic
-effector: detrusor smooth muscle
- effector response: local- contractions. systemic= stretch
- feedback: positive

28
Q

describe the pattern of the micturition reflex

A

-after time reflex fatigues and ceases and bladder relaxes
- if bladder not emptied, reflex goes away then occurs again
- frequency and power of contractions increases as bladder fills
- once powerful enough, inhibits pudendal nerve to override voluntary control, allows urine to flow

29
Q

what happens in voluntary urination

A
  • contract abdominal muscles
  • increases bladder pressure
  • activates micturition reflex with voluntary relaxation of external urethral sphincter
30
Q

what percentage of CO goes to the kidney

A

20%

31
Q

what does the renal artery branch off of

A

aorta

32
Q

where does the renal artery enter the kidney

A

at the hilum

33
Q

describe the renal microcirculation in general

A

two arterioles and two capillary beds

34
Q

describe glomerular microcirculation

A
  • high pressure for filtration
  • afferent and efferent arteriolar resistance can be altered to alter Pc in glomerular capillaries
35
Q

describe peritubular microcirculation

A

-low pressure
-secretion and reabsorption

36
Q

what is the pathway of microcirculation

A

-afferent arteriole -> glomerular capillaries -> efferent arteriole -> peritubular capillaries -> venules

37
Q

what is the order of flow through the nephron

A

-glomerulus
- bowmans space
-PCT
-Proximal straight tubule (PST)
- descending loop of henle
- thin ascending loop of henle
- thick ascending loop of henle
- distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
-cortical collecting duct
- medullary collecting duct

38
Q

each collecting duct collects fluid from about _____ nephrons

A

4000

39
Q

____collecting ducts per kidney

A

250

40
Q

_____ nephrons per kidney

A

1,000,000

41
Q

what are the two classes of nephrons and what is the percentage of both

A

-cortical (70-80%)
- juxtamedullary (20-30%)

42
Q

describe cortical nephrons

A

-glomerulus in outer cortex
- short loops of henle
-peritubular capillaries

43
Q

describe juxtamedullary nephrons

A
  • glomerulus near cortex/medulla border
    -long loop of henle (extends deep into medulla)
  • vasa recta
44
Q

what is the role of juxtamedullary nephrons

A

concentrates urine

45
Q

where and how does filtration occur

A
  • in glomerular capillaries
  • occurs via bulk flow
46
Q

how goes glomerular filtrate differ to plasma

A

exact same except glomerular filtrate has no proteins

47
Q

what is GFR

A

rate of filtrate production

48
Q

what is reabsorption and where does it occur

A

removes wanted substances from glomerular filtrate and puts it back into blood in peritubular capillaries
-passive and active transport processes across nephron epithelium

49
Q

what is secretion and where does it occur

A
  • removal of unwanted substances still in plasma and secrete it into glomerular filtrate in nephron
  • passive and active transport processes across nephron epithelium
50
Q

what is excretion and where does it occur

A

-removal of metabolic waste
-urine exits collecting duct into minor calyx

51
Q

what is the amount of sodium filtered, reabsorbed and excreted per day

A
  • filtered: 25,560
  • reabsorption: 25, 410
  • excreted: 150
52
Q

why do we filter so much and then expend so much energy to return greater than 99% back to the ECF

A

we filter because we want to get rid of unwanted substances and return all the good stuff

Physiology (41 decks)

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