NT and brain structure SZ Flashcards
enlarged ventricles symptoms link
- symptoms, cog disturbances, poor responsiveness, drug therapy, low motivation
PFC symptoms link
Cognitive abnormalities, poor work memory, poor language processing, poor concentration and logical thinking leading to disordered thinking, word salad
Low metabolic rates in the prefrontal cortex explain delusions as they aren’t using part of the brain that includes logical thinking
grey matter
Individuals have reduced great matter especially temple on frontal lobes up to 25% worst loss equals worse symptoms
amygdala linked to schizophrenia symptoms
Smaller in schizophrenia patients involved with processing fear, emotional regulation if impaired leads to low emotion/emotional response the flattening effect
Hippocampus link to schizophrenia symptoms
Reduced in size impact sensory filtering causing it to be hard to focus, overwhelmed in busy environments causing anxiety and paranoia
Temporal lobes linked to schizophrenia symptoms
Involved with processing sounds leading to auditory hallucinations
Basal Ganglia linked to schizophrenia symptoms
Larger in schizophrenia patients, involved with moving and thinking skills causing motor dysfunction like cataleptic stupor
Visual and auditory cortical linked to schizophrenic symptoms
Lower activity in these regions causing hallucinations as it processes vision and sound
Neuro developmental hypothesis
During the, birth process, after birth could cause people to become vulnerable to schizophrenia. Development of the brain develops much later and any brain injury interact with normal brain development, prefrontal cortex mutuals late in adolescence and the injury matures at the same time which is when we tend to see the first episode dopamine also peaks in adolescence setting the onset of schizophrenia. Been born in the winter, malnourished mother and flute during pregnancy is said to also lead to schizophrenia.
castner subjected monkeys brain damaging x-rays during fetal development no IFX in childhood but as I reached puberty hallucinations occurred supporting
Hilinski suggested that influenza during the second trimester increased schizophrenia rates then those not exposed although
battle found in 12,000 schizophrenia patients compared to 735,000 controls there is no correlation between measles/flu and gestation period and schizophrenia
Glutamate roll in symptoms
Involved with cognitive functioning learning a memory bonds with the receptors and MDA and acts to regulate dopamine functioning
low glutamate in cerebral cortex
Negative symptoms for example for language processing poverty, speech difficulty sustaining attention, poor cognitive ability
High glutamate and basil ganglia
Put the symptoms such as motor control motivation, repetitive movements and potentially hallucinations
Dopamine and mesolimbic pathways
VTA to basil ganglia high dopamine leads to positive symptoms involved with reward attention and locomotion such as hallucinations, delusions and disorganised thoughts
Dopamine and messocortical pathways
VTA to preventable Tecce low dopamine leads to negative symptoms poor work memory, attention deficits emotional flatness low motivation positive speech, poor cognitive ability, executive functions
Serotonin linked to symptoms
Involve with sleep mood happiness low levels often associated with anxiety and depression controls and regulate dopamine in meal pathways low serotonin, high dopamine leading to positive symptoms, second generational anti psychotic clozapine reduces serotonin and dopamine by binding to serotonin reducing positive and negative symptoms
Alpert-not all patient showed improvement after taking dopamine antagonist therefore not all peoples brains respond the same so there could be other causes
Bower HVA
