NTR 413 EXAM 2

Question 1

What 2 electron carriers that carry fuel out of the TCA CYCLE ?

Answer 1

NADH and FADH

Question 2

What regulated the process of oxidation ?

Answer 2

The need for atp

Question 3

cells regulate energy based on what ?t

Answer 3

Demand not energy supply

Question 4

define oxidation ?

Answer 4

the losing of an electron

Question 5

define reduction

Answer 5

the gaining of electron

Question 6

what are the three characteristics of the oxidation and reduction?

Answer 6

spontaneous, energy releasing, and an exergonic reaction

-53 kcal/mol

Question 7

why is the energy from the proton gradient important in terms of adp and Pi atom

Answer 7

some energy created during the passing down of electron will be used to put ADP and Pi back together

Question 8

whats the diff between NADH and NAD ?

Answer 8

a pair of electron

Question 9

whats the total amount of energy in the dropping of nadh down energy level?

Answer 9

-53 kcal/mole

Question 10

nadh has potential energy why?

Answer 10

It has the extra pair of electron compared to NAD

Question 11

Where is atp made?

Answer 11

Mitochondria is one place its made

Question 12

what is the amount of energy needed to put adi and pi together ?

Answer 12

7kcal/mole

Question 13

proton motive force?

Answer 13

takes electron and put adp and pi together = atp

Question 14

is atp a stable molecule?

Answer 14

no

Question 15

hydrolysis of a terminal phosphate bond release or gains energy?

Answer 15

Release

Question 16

atp synthesis occurs where mostly ?

Answer 16

Most in mitochondria matrix

Question 17

mitochondrial membrane is permeable to what type of molecules

Answer 17

gas molecules

Question 18

inner mitochondrial membrane is important why?

Answer 18

because inner mitochondrial membrane is impermeable unlike the outer mitochondrial membrane which has pores

Question 19

whats stuck in the inner mitochondrial membrane?

Answer 19

atp synthase (where its made)

Question 20

there is two binding sites on the rotating head on inner mitochondrial membrane

Answer 20

one for adp and pi

Question 21

where is atp made in the inner mitochondrial membrane ?

Answer 21

in the matrix

Question 22

what is 3 protein (transmembrane ) complex ?

Answer 22

complexes 1 ,3,4

Question 23

what does complex 1 do?

Answer 23

nadh binds to complex 1 and oxidize and pass it to complex 1 and nad comes out

as we do that energy is used to pump protons out of the matrix (4 out of the matrix)

Question 24

what does complex 3 do?

Question 25

function of coenzyme q or co q 10 (lipophilic)

Answer 25

pick up electrons from complex 1 to complex 3 ... everytime it passes electron it will release energy

Question 26

cytochrome c (in the middle of complex 3 and 4 ) transport electrons from complex 3 to 4 and then to oxygen and oxygen becomes water

Answer 26

....

Question 27

complex 3 pumps out how many protons ?

Answer 27

4

Question 28

electrochemical gradient is made through the electron being passed down from the inner mitochondrial membrane and therefore will cause??

Answer 28

a proton motive force to put protons back into the matrix

Question 29

what is proton MOTIVE force? (PMF)

Answer 29

nothing but electrons trying to get back inside the matrix ( caused by the oxidation of nadh ---> nad )

Question 30

How can protons come back in?

Answer 30

through PMF or synthase head ( for synthase head it has to have adp and pi )

Question 31

what are two other important molecules ?

Answer 31

symport ( powered by proton moving down its chemical gradient ) symporter oush PI back inside matrix and anti porter of adp and atp

Question 32

2.5 atps/ nadh molecule

Answer 32

.

Question 33

complex 2 is for fadh2 and it becomes

Answer 33

fad

Question 34

for fadh2 there is 1.5 atps / a single fadh2 mole

Answer 34

..

Question 35

what is a bi product of the energy transformation model ?

Answer 35

energy being lost as heat about 2/3 of energy is lost as heat while 33% is used efficiently

Question 36

you can not pass the protons down the chain from the oxidization of nadh unless you pump the electrons out of the matrix

Answer 36

...

Question 37

when protons come through the synthase what happens to the concentration gradient of pmf ?

Answer 37

chemical gradient of pmf becomes slightly smaller = more energy available to pump protons out of matrix = the ability to pass electrons down the energy transformation chain.

Question 38

nadh can only pump electrons out of the matrix if it has the power to pump protons out of the matrix.... therefore even if we have a billion nadh it will not do anything if nadh can not pump protons out

Answer 38

.

Question 39

is oxygen the regulating factor of the electron transformation chain?

Answer 39

no because unless you have a need for atp your electron transformation chain in complex one will not be able to pump protons out of the matrix therefore no electron will be able to go down the chain and that means no atp being made in a super saturated o2 environment due to back pressure

Question 40

when a cell needs more energy what regulates the energy transformation process and where is this happen?

Answer 40

- happens in the cell thats in need of - energy - pmf is what drives the process and cause synthase to put adp and pi together and that causes nadh to be oxidize and pump a proton out of the matrix which then moves the electron down the energy transformation chain

Question 41

when we are oxidizing these molecules we can oxidize the electrons between c-c and c-h bonds . we can not oxidized anything thats attached to and o2 why?

Answer 41

bc oxygen is so electrons neg that it loves electrons and you can not steal its electrons away from it

Question 42

what does acetyle unit that enters the pathway do for the tca cycle?

Answer 42

it gives it energy to units like nad and fadh and those becomes nadh and fadh2

Question 43

where is the energy pathway located in the cell?

Answer 43

mitochondrial matrix

Question 44

where does FADH2 pass its electrons to?

Answer 44

COMPLEX 2

Question 45

WHAT CONTROLS the rate of forming the nadh molecules ?

Answer 45

pmf

Question 46

rate limiting enzyme definiton

Answer 46

controlling the rate of the enzyme

Question 47

whats the rate limiting enzyme of the tca cycle?

Answer 47

isocitrate dehydrogenase

Question 48

when would you want to have more nadh for the electron transport cycle?

Answer 48

when we need more atp

Question 49

what molecule is an allosteric activator?

Answer 49

adp

Question 50

what is the product inhibitor in the electron transport chain?

Answer 50

nadh

Question 51

what happens if you take oxygen away from the cell in the electron transport chain?

Answer 51

since o2 is an acceptor of those electrons coming down the TCA cycle it will impact the synthesis head as the protons can no longer be pumped out of the matrix due to the oxygen not being able to accept those electrons that were coming down which will slow down the ???? the synthesis head ???

Question 52

does adp control the rate of the energy pathway ?

Answer 52

yes because adp is an allosteric activator (gas pedal)

Question 53

how many nadh comes out of the electron pathway ?

Answer 53

3

Question 54

how is it that acetyl coa oxygen dependent ?

Answer 54

because of the pathway downstream of the acetyl coa cycle - the tca cycle ... which is oxygen dependent due to the electrons needing oxygen to be the final pair of acceptor