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Biology > Nucleic Acids & Flow of Genetic Info > Flashcards

Nucleic Acids & Flow of Genetic Info Flashcards

1
Q

what is the purpose of nucleic acids

A

-store and transmit hereditary info in genes (unit of inheritance)
-program amino acid sequence of polypeptide (proteins)

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2
Q

what is the structure of nucleic acids

A

made of nucleotides (monomers)

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3
Q

what are the two types of nucleic acids

A

deoxyribonucleic acid (dna)
ribonucleic acid (rna)

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4
Q

what does the dna do

A

-stores information for protein synthesis
-acts as a blueprint to make the proteins
-a gene is a segment of DNA that encodes a protein

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5
Q

what does the rna do

A

-directs protein synthesis
-acts as messenger to relay information from dna

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6
Q

what replaces thymine iin RNA

A

uracil

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7
Q

what is the structure of nucleic acids

A

a phosphate molecule
a 5 carbon sugar
a nitrogenous base
-consists of monnomers called nucleotides that link to form polynucleotides

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8
Q

what sugars do dna and rna have

A

dna has deoxyribose
rna has ribose

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9
Q

what kind of formation do the dna strands have

A

antiparallel formation
3 prime to 5 prime
-Rna is opposite

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10
Q

is dna double or single stranded

A

double, rna is single

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11
Q

what are the three types of rna involved in protein synthesis

A

mRNA (messanger)
tRNA (transfer)
rRNA (ribosomes)

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12
Q

what are the functions of histones

A

-allows the dna to fit 2m into 10 nanometers of space
-control gene activation and deactivation

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13
Q

why is dna necessary

A

-needed for cell replication
-contains genes
-genes influence cells for which proteins to make
-complementary base pairing

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14
Q

what do gene have to do with proteins

A

genes have the information needed to make the specific protein and the primary sequence of the protein

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15
Q

what are the two major steps in protein synthesis

A

transcription (in nucleus)
translation (in cytosol)

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16
Q

what is protein structure

A

control the placement of amino acids to have a specific function

17
Q

what are the steps of transcription

A

-separation of dna at a particular gene
-synthesis of mRNA (using uracil)
-mRNA is sent to cytosol

18
Q

Synthesis of an rna molecule that is…

A

complementary to the dna (following the base pair rule)

19
Q

what is the start codon of transcription

A

AUG

20
Q

do the start/stop codon code for amino acids

A

no, only the start codon, UAA?

21
Q

what is the non-template or coding strand

A

the other dna strand that is not being copied

22
Q

what is the description of mRNA

A

-single stranded
-synthesized in nucleus with the help of enzymes and dna
-contains the inforamtion from one gene
-organized in 3 groups of nucleotides called codons
-each codon indicates a given amino acid

23
Q

what are codons

A

group of three nucleotides that code for one amino acid

24
Q

what is translation

A

the assembly of the protein’s primary structure according to the codon sequence on the mRNA

25
Q

what do codons do

A

condons on mRNA provide the sequence that amino acids must be arranged

26
Q

mRNA has the info…

A

but doesnt do the work

27
Q

why do amino acids have nothing to do with the base pair rules

A

not nucleic acids

28
Q

what does the tRNA do

A

decode the codons of mRNA

29
Q

how does the tRNA work

A

it has anti codons that complementary bind to the mRNA codons while creating an amino acid chain

30
Q

how many possible codons are there

A

64 (1 start, 3 stop and 61 amino acids)

31
Q

how many anticodons are there

A

31 (many codons code for the same amino acid)

32
Q

what does the rRNA do

A

links mRNA and tRNA

33
Q

true of false: each tRNA can attach to only one kind of amino acid

A

true

34
Q

what is the structure of rRNA

A

3 tRNA binding sites:
1. A site (aminoacyl-tRNA)
2. P site (peptidyl-tRNA)
3. E site (exit site)

35
Q

what is the purpose of ribosomes

A

-large rna and protein complex
-links mRNA and tRNA to make other proteins
-continues until entire length of mRNA has been read

36
Q

what is the process of translation

A

tRNA attaches to the start codon at the P site
the next tRNA attaches to the A site
the ribosome moves along the mRNA which makes the tRNA leave through the exit site
this builds the amino acid chain until the stop codon is reached
then released in cytoplasm

37
Q

when the stop codon is reached what happens

A

a release factor binds to the A site which causes a water molecule to be added to hydrolysis the chain
this releases the polypeptide

Biology (12 decks)

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