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Biology > The Cell Cycle > Flashcards

The Cell Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

what is cell division

A

-ability of organisms to reproduce
-continuity of lifeis based on the reproduction of cells (passing on genetic info)

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2
Q

roles of cell division

A

reproduction
growth and development
tissue renewal and repair

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3
Q

what is a chromatin

A

dna when the cell is not dividing (present in long thin threads)

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4
Q

what is a chromosome

A

dna during cell division (chromatin tightly coils around histones)

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5
Q

what characteristics are controlled by genes

A

hair
skin
flower color

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6
Q

where are genes located

A

on the chromosomes

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7
Q

what are genomes

A

all the genetic material in a cell

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8
Q

what does each chromosome contain

A

huge molecule of dna and proteins
contains a larger number of genes

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9
Q

what is the gene locus

A

the specific place on a chromosome where a gene is located

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10
Q

where does each gene occur

A

occurs on a specific chromosome at a specific site on the chromosome

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11
Q

how many are in a human

A

46 (23 from mom and 23 from dad)

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12
Q

true or false: number of chromosomes doesn’t mean how advanced the species is

A

true

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13
Q

what is a karyotype

A

organized profile of a person’s chromosomes

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14
Q

how is a karyotype arranged

A

stained
arranged by size (largest to smallest)
photographed

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15
Q

what are the 23 pairs of chromosomes

A

22 autosomes (non sex)
1 sex chromosomes

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16
Q

what are karyotypes used for

A

to check irregularities in the number or structure of chromosomes

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17
Q

why do you need an x sex chromosome

A

it has important genes for blood clotting and eyesight
it is sex defining

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18
Q

what does karyotype arrangement do

A

helps scientists quickly identify chromosomal alterations that may result in gentic disorders

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19
Q

what does having an extra chromosome lead to

A

Down syndrome (trisomy 21)

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20
Q

what is a haploid cell and examples

A

cell that has 23 chromosomes
–egg and sperm
–N

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21
Q

what are diploid cells and examples

A

23 pairs of chromosomes
–all somatic cells
–2N

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22
Q

what are non reproductive chromosomes called

A

autosomal or autosomes

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23
Q

what do autosomes do

A

-they don’t code for sex characteristics (m/f)
-found in somatic cells and gametes (but in diff quantities)

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24
Q

what is a somatic cell

A

cell that isn’t gametic

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25
Q

what happens when the sperm and egg cell unite

A

the nuclei fuse together to form a single nucleus = zygote

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26
Q

what is a zygote

A

a fertilized egg

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27
Q

when does the cell cycle happen

A

between the time a cell is formed and when it divides into two daughter cells

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28
Q

what is the cell cycle

A

describes the series of events that occur in nearly every cell

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29
Q

what is the process that follows after a zygote is formed

A

-initial cell divides into 2 then those 2 into 4 then those for into 8…
-basically the og genetic info is copied (cloning)

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30
Q

what are the characteristics of mitosis

A

-results in 2 identical body cells
-occurs during growth and repair
in somatic cell division

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31
Q

what is the purpose of meiosis

A

gives rise to gametes that hav half the number of chromosomes as the og cell

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32
Q

what are the stages in the cell cycle

A

-growth of the cell following cell division
-copying gentic info
-distribution of copies to daughter cells
*highly regulated and shortest stage is actual cell division

33
Q

what are the names of stages in the cell cycle

A

-interphase (G1, S, G2)
-mitotic phase (mitosis, cytokinesis)

34
Q

how long does interphase happen compared to the mitotic phase

A

interphase is most of the cells lifespan (95%)

35
Q

what are the phases of interphase

A

G1: growth 1
S: dna synthesis
G2: growth 2

36
Q

characteristics of growth 1

A

-begins as soon as daughter is formed
-period of active growth (increases in size until it reaches mature size for cell type)
-synthesis of new organelles
-dna is in chromatin form
-non-dividing cells are in this state

37
Q

what happens during dna synthesis

A

-the chromatins are copied
-chromosomes are not condensed in this phase

38
Q

what are the copied chromatins referred to as

A

sister chromatids (still considered one chromosome cause attatched to each other)

39
Q

what are the characteristics of the sister chromatids

A

-contain the same genetic information
-attached at the centre with a centromere

40
Q

how many chromatids are there during and after dna replication

A
  • after = 92 (46 double sister chromatids)
    -during dna replication = 46 sister chromatids
41
Q

what happens in the the 2nd growth phase of interphase

A

-final stage (occurs after S phase of interphase)
-cell increases slightly
-begins preperation for the miotic phase of the cycle
-spindle fibers form (microtubules)
-chromosomes are not condensed

42
Q

what happens by the end of interphase

A

-chromosomes have been copied
-centrosomes duplicated
-spindles have formed

43
Q

what are the steps of mitosis

A

prophase (early)
prometaphase (late)
metaphase
anaphase
telohase

44
Q

what are the two parts of the mitotic phase

A

mitosis
cytokinesis

45
Q

what happens in prophase

A

-dna condenses (still called sister chromatids)
-nuclear envelope breaks
-centrosomes separate and move to opposing sides
-microtubules fibers extend between the centrosomes to form the mitotic spindle (some attach to chromosomes)

46
Q

why are chromosomes condensed

A

easier for transportation in body, prevents dna breakage

47
Q

what happens during prometaphase

A

-nuclear membrane is broken down
-centrosomes are at opposing sides
-some microtubules attach to centromere region
-nucleoli disappears

48
Q

what is the centromere region called

A

kinetochores

49
Q

what happens in metaphase

A

chromosomes align in the middle of the cell (single file)

50
Q

what happens in anaphase

A

-centromeres breaks and the sister chromatids separate (now called chromosomes)
-chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends of the cell
cell elongates

51
Q

what are chromatids that are no longer attached to their duplicates called

A

chromosomes

52
Q

what happens during telophase

A

-spindle fibers disappear
-nuclear membrane forms around the chromosomes
-nucleolus reappears
-chromosomes unwind and become less compact

53
Q

what marks the end of mitosis

A

telophase

54
Q

what is cytokinesis

A

separation of cells and cytoplasm

55
Q

what happens during cytokinesis

A

cell pinches along the middle and ends with two identical daughter cells

56
Q

how is mitosis different in plant cells

A

-they don’t have centrioles but they have microtubule organizing centers
-cell can’t pinch in half

57
Q

how do the new cells separate in plant cell mitosis

A

separated by cell plate

58
Q

what are the steps in cytokinesis in plant cells

A

-vesicles from the golgi carry cell wall components to the middle
-cell plate forms at the center and becomes a cell membrane

59
Q

how do prokaryotic cells divide

A

binary fission (asexual cloning)

60
Q

most bacteria have how many chromosomes

A

one

61
Q

how does binary fission work

A

-chromosomes replicate
-move to opposite sides
cell elongates to make room
plasma membrane grows inwards
-split

62
Q

what happens if the cell doesn’t pass a checkpoint

A

-the cell tries to correct it
-if it can’t it undergoes apoptosis (cell suicide)
-program of cell death

63
Q

what are the checkpoints during mitosis

A

G1 checkpoint
G2 checkpoint (between G2 and M)
M checkpoint (between metaphase and anaphase)

64
Q

what’s does the G1 checkpoint check

A

growth factor proteins
nutrients
cell size
dna damage

65
Q

what does the G2 checkpoint check

A

cell size
dna damage
dna replication

66
Q

what does the M checkpoint check

A

chromosome attachment to spindle

67
Q

what is the purpose of the checkpoints

A

cancer prevention and mutation prevention
-not a good idea to make a copy of a damaged cell

68
Q

what is cancer

A

disease of the cell
excessive cell growth and division that is not controlled

69
Q

mutagens can be caused by

A

-various agent that changes the dna of an organism (radiation, light, chemicals)
-increases frequency of mutation

70
Q

what is a mutagen

A

anything that can bring about a mutation in DNA

71
Q

what are benign tumours

A

-mass of cells that don’t invade neighbouring tissue
-not considered cancer
-can be removed
-can grow large

72
Q

what are malignant tumours

A

-mass of cells that invade neighbouring tissues
-can impair functioning of one or more organs
-considered cancerous
-can spread to the whole body

73
Q

what is it called when a cancer spreads to parts away from original site

A

metastasis

74
Q

how does metastasis work

A

cancer cells get into the bloodstream and move throughout the body

75
Q

what are the treatments for cancer

A

surgery
high energy radiation
chemotherapy

76
Q

what is the process of high energy radiation and what is it used for

A

non specific damage to the dna because cancer cells have lost their ability to repair dna
used for localized tumors

77
Q

what is chemotherapy used to treat and how does it work

A

used for metastatic tumors
damage actively dividing cells
taxol freezes the mitotic spindles by preventing microtubule formation

78
Q

side effects of chemo

A

nausea immune suppression hair loss

79
Q

why doesn’t your immune system attack cancer cells

A

because it’s your own cells so the immune response doesn’t recognize them as dangerous

Biology (12 decks)

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