The Cell B

Question 1

where is the nucleolus located

Answer 1

in the nucleus, no membrane separates the nucleolus from the rest of the nucleus

Question 2

what is the function of the nucleolus

Answer 2

production and assembly of ribosome components

Question 3

does the nucleolus have a membrane

Answer 3

no it’s seen as a dark spot in the nucleus

Question 4

what is the function of ribosomes

Answer 4

protein synthesis

Question 5

what is the location of ribosomes

Answer 5

-free-floating in the cytoplasm (makes protein that cell will use)
-attached to rER (makes proteins that can be stored and when released)

Question 6

what are the three components of the cytoskeleton

Answer 6

-microtubules
-microfilaments
-intermediate filaments

Question 7

what is the function of the cytoskeleton

Answer 7

form and internal framework to support and give shape to cells

Question 8

what do the protein rods allow the cytoskeleton to do

Answer 8

can extend or contract, allows cells to change shape, very dynamic (can quickly be dismantled on one part of the cell and reassemble in a new location)

Question 9

what is the structure of microtubules

Answer 9

hollow, thickest

Question 10

what is the function of the microtubules

Answer 10

-support cell (give it rigidity)
-transport (in cell, cilia and flagella, transport chromosomes during cell division)

Question 11

what is vesicle transport

Answer 11

microtubules act as “railroad tracks” involved in movement of organelles in cell

Question 12

what are centrosomes

Answer 12

-non membranous organelles
-made up of a pair of centrioles (at right angles to each other)
-made up of microtubules

Question 13

what are the functions of centrosomes

Answer 13

-microtubule-organizing centre
-move chromosomes during cell division
—used to line up DNA

Question 14

what are two structures used for movement

Answer 14

flagella and cilia

Question 15

what is the structure of flagella

Answer 15

few and long (made up of microtubules)

Question 16

what is the structure of cilia

Answer 16

short and numerous (made up of microtubules)
– line respiratory track, line fallopian tube

Question 17

what is the function of intermediate filaments

Answer 17

maintenance of cell shape (stabilize cell shape)
–no movement

Question 18

what is the structure of intermediate filaments

Answer 18

-larger than microfilaments but smaller than microtubules
-each type is constructed from different protein subunits
-they don’t bind ATP or serve as tracks for transport

Question 19

what is the structure of microfillaments

Answer 19

strings of actin (2 chains)

Question 20

what are the functions of microfillaments

Answer 20

-maintenance of cell shape (stabilize)
-movement of cell (muscle cell contraction)

Question 21

what are all cytoskeleton components made up of

Answer 21

proteins

Question 22

what are the 4 functions of extracellular matrix

Answer 22

-holds cells together
-help regulate cell behaviour
-cell signalling
-cell receptors

Question 23

what is the structure of extracellular matrix

Answer 23

a gel-like substance made of carbs and fibrous proteins

Question 24

what is another eukaryotic cell

Answer 24

protists (contractile vacuole)

Question 25

what is the function of the centractile vacuole

Answer 25

exports excess water collected from inside the cell to maintain cytoplasmic concentration of chemicals

Question 26

what is another eukaryotic cell

Answer 26

plant cells

Question 27

what is a plant cell

Answer 27

generally similar to animal cells but with some important differences

Question 28

what do plant cells possess

Answer 28

cell wall (with plasmodesmata) central vacuole (storage) chloroplasts

Question 29

what do plant cells lack

Answer 29

centrioles

Question 30

what does the cell wall contain to make plants stand up

Answer 30

cellulose

Question 31

what is the function of the cell wall

Answer 31

supports cells and ultimately the plant --rigidity to hold plant upright --helps prevent water loss

Question 32

what is the plasmodesmata

Answer 32

pores in the cell wall (similar to gap junctions in animal cells which directly connect to the cytoplasm of two cells)

Question 33

what is the function of the plasmodesmata

Answer 33

pores permit movement of fluids between cells so water and small solutes can pass freely from cell to cell

Question 34

what are the functions of the central vacuole

Answer 34

-supports cell and ultimately the plant -helps maintain turgor -site of storage various products and of waste

Question 35

what is turgor

Answer 35

organelles being pushed towards the membrane more robust cell due to vacuole being filled with water

Question 36

what kind of compounds does the central vacuole store

Answer 36

proteins, inorganic ions, pigments, defensive compounds that defend the plant against herbivores

Question 37

why does the central vacuole dispose of metabolic wastes

Answer 37

it would endanger the cell if they accumulated in cytoplasm

Question 38

what is the function of chloroplasts

Answer 38

site of photosynthesis (traps light energy for)

Question 39

where are chloroplasts found

Answer 39

found in green parts of the plant, contains pigment (leaves, large # found in each cell)

Question 40

what does the mitochodria convert food into

Answer 40

into ATP

Question 41

what does the chloroplast convert solar energy into

Answer 41

food (chemical energy)

Question 42

what do all eukaryotes have

Answer 42

mitochondria, not chloroplast

Question 43

how is cell specialization determined

Answer 43

by which genes are activated

Question 44

which percent of genes are used in a cell

Answer 44

20

Question 45

how does the mitochondria make ATP

Answer 45

requires O2, waste product produced CO2

Question 46

how does the chloroplast make glucose

Answer 46

uses CO2 and solar energy

Question 47

what can double membrane bound organelles that contain their own DNA and proteins do

Answer 47

made by their own set of ribosomes and can self replicate

Question 48

what is the differential gene expression

Answer 48

every cell within an organism has the same genetic composition, except gametes (egg and sperm cells)

Question 49

true or false: some genes are turned on (active) while others are turned on

Answer 49

true, genes turned on in a WBC will not be the same as the on genes in a nerve cell

Question 50

what happens by expressing different subsets of genes

Answer 50

2 cells can contain different of gene products (proteins)

Question 51

All cells have the same genes but...

Answer 51

but each cell only expresses the genes that it requires but wont express other tissue specific genes

Question 52

are virus alive and why or why not

Answer 52

no they’re not alive not cells don’t have seven properties of life

Question 53

what do viruses consist of

Answer 53

dna or rna proteins

Question 54

what does it mean to be an obligate intracellular parasite

Answer 54

need to go into a cell to reproduce and carry out metabolic activities

Question 55

can viruses make their own proteins

Answer 55

no they don’t have ribosomes

Question 56

can viruses reproduce or carry out metabolic activities outside a host cell

Answer 56

no

Question 57

why are viruses host specific

Answer 57

they have specific receptors where they bind

Question 58

what are examples of host specific viruses

Answer 58

measles: skin cells HIV: immune cells (white blood cells)

Question 59

when a virus binds to a receptor what does it do

Answer 59

enters the cell or injects its nucleic acid into it

Question 60

if the virus goes into the cell what does it do

Answer 60

takes over the cell’s machinery using viral genes to start making other viruses

Question 61

what happens when the virus enters or injects its nucleic acid in to the cell

Answer 61

the protein coat is released and the viral nucleic acid will replicate

Question 62

once the viral nucleic acid and protein coat are made what happens

Answer 62

virus is assembled and released

Question 63

what happens to the host cell when the viruses are done replicating

Answer 63

it gets killed which releases the virus to go infect more cells

Question 64

how do antibiotics work

Answer 64

work against living things, no viruses only bacteria