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Biology > The Cell B > Flashcards

The Cell B Flashcards

1
Q

where is the nucleolus located

A

in the nucleus, no membrane separates the nucleolus from the rest of the nucleus

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2
Q

what is the function of the nucleolus

A

production and assembly of ribosome components

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3
Q

does the nucleolus have a membrane

A

no it’s seen as a dark spot in the nucleus

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4
Q

what is the function of ribosomes

A

protein synthesis

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5
Q

what is the location of ribosomes

A

-free-floating in the cytoplasm (makes protein that cell will use)
-attached to rER (makes proteins that can be stored and when released)

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6
Q

what are the three components of the cytoskeleton

A

-microtubules
-microfilaments
-intermediate filaments

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7
Q

what is the function of the cytoskeleton

A

form and internal framework to support and give shape to cells

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8
Q

what do the protein rods allow the cytoskeleton to do

A

can extend or contract, allows cells to change shape, very dynamic (can quickly be dismantled on one part of the cell and reassemble in a new location)

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9
Q

what is the structure of microtubules

A

hollow, thickest

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10
Q

what is the function of the microtubules

A

-support cell (give it rigidity)
-transport (in cell, cilia and flagella, transport chromosomes during cell division)

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11
Q

what is vesicle transport

A

microtubules act as “railroad tracks” involved in movement of organelles in cell

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12
Q

what are centrosomes

A

-non membranous organelles
-made up of a pair of centrioles (at right angles to each other)
-made up of microtubules

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13
Q

what are the functions of centrosomes

A

-microtubule-organizing centre
-move chromosomes during cell division
—used to line up DNA

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14
Q

what are two structures used for movement

A

flagella and cilia

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15
Q

what is the structure of flagella

A

few and long (made up of microtubules)

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16
Q

what is the structure of cilia

A

short and numerous (made up of microtubules)
– line respiratory track, line fallopian tube

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17
Q

what is the function of intermediate filaments

A

maintenance of cell shape (stabilize cell shape)
–no movement

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18
Q

what is the structure of intermediate filaments

A

-larger than microfilaments but smaller than microtubules
-each type is constructed from different protein subunits
-they don’t bind ATP or serve as tracks for transport

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19
Q

what is the structure of microfillaments

A

strings of actin (2 chains)

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20
Q

what are the functions of microfillaments

A

-maintenance of cell shape (stabilize)
-movement of cell (muscle cell contraction)

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21
Q

what are all cytoskeleton components made up of

A

proteins

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22
Q

what are the 4 functions of extracellular matrix

A

-holds cells together
-help regulate cell behaviour
-cell signalling
-cell receptors

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23
Q

what is the structure of extracellular matrix

A

a gel-like substance made of carbs and fibrous proteins

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24
Q

what is another eukaryotic cell

A

protists (contractile vacuole)

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25
Q

what is the function of the centractile vacuole

A

exports excess water collected from inside the cell to maintain cytoplasmic concentration of chemicals

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26
Q

what is another eukaryotic cell

A

plant cells

27
Q

what is a plant cell

A

generally similar to animal cells but with some important differences

28
Q

what do plant cells possess

A

cell wall (with plasmodesmata)
central vacuole (storage)
chloroplasts

29
Q

what do plant cells lack

A

centrioles

30
Q

what does the cell wall contain to make plants stand up

A

cellulose

31
Q

what is the function of the cell wall

A

supports cells and ultimately the plant
–rigidity to hold plant upright
–helps prevent water loss

32
Q

what is the plasmodesmata

A

pores in the cell wall
(similar to gap junctions in animal cells which directly connect to the cytoplasm of two cells)

33
Q

what is the function of the plasmodesmata

A

pores permit movement of fluids between cells so water and small solutes can pass freely from cell to cell

34
Q

what are the functions of the central vacuole

A

-supports cell and ultimately the plant
-helps maintain turgor
-site of storage various products and of waste

35
Q

what is turgor

A

organelles being pushed towards the membrane
more robust cell due to vacuole being filled with water

36
Q

what kind of compounds does the central vacuole store

A

proteins, inorganic ions, pigments, defensive compounds that defend the plant against herbivores

37
Q

why does the central vacuole dispose of metabolic wastes

A

it would endanger the cell if they accumulated in cytoplasm

38
Q

what is the function of chloroplasts

A

site of photosynthesis (traps light energy for)

39
Q

where are chloroplasts found

A

found in green parts of the plant, contains pigment
(leaves, large # found in each cell)

40
Q

what does the mitochodria convert food into

A

into ATP

41
Q

what does the chloroplast convert solar energy into

A

food (chemical energy)

42
Q

what do all eukaryotes have

A

mitochondria, not chloroplast

43
Q

how is cell specialization determined

A

by which genes are activated

44
Q

which percent of genes are used in a cell

A

20

45
Q

how does the mitochondria make ATP

A

requires O2, waste product produced CO2

46
Q

how does the chloroplast make glucose

A

uses CO2 and solar energy

47
Q

what can double membrane bound organelles that contain their own DNA and proteins do

A

made by their own set of ribosomes and can self replicate

48
Q

what is the differential gene expression

A

every cell within an organism has the same genetic composition, except gametes (egg and sperm cells)

49
Q

true or false: some genes are turned on (active) while others are turned on

A

true, genes turned on in a WBC will not be the same as the on genes in a nerve cell

50
Q

what happens by expressing different subsets of genes

A

2 cells can contain different of gene products (proteins)

51
Q

All cells have the same genes but…

A

but each cell only expresses the genes that it requires
but wont express other tissue specific genes

52
Q

are virus alive and why or why not

A

no they’re not alive
not cells
don’t have seven properties of life

53
Q

what do viruses consist of

A

dna or rna
proteins

54
Q

what does it mean to be an obligate intracellular parasite

A

need to go into a cell to reproduce and carry out metabolic activities

55
Q

can viruses make their own proteins

A

no they don’t have ribosomes

56
Q

can viruses reproduce or carry out metabolic activities outside a host cell

A

no

57
Q

why are viruses host specific

A

they have specific receptors where they bind

58
Q

what are examples of host specific viruses

A

measles: skin cells
HIV: immune cells (white blood cells)

59
Q

when a virus binds to a receptor what does it do

A

enters the cell or injects its nucleic acid into it

60
Q

if the virus goes into the cell what does it do

A

takes over the cell’s machinery using viral genes to start making other viruses

61
Q

what happens when the virus enters or injects its nucleic acid in to the cell

A

the protein coat is released and the viral nucleic acid will replicate

62
Q

once the viral nucleic acid and protein coat are made what happens

A

virus is assembled and released

63
Q

what happens to the host cell when the viruses are done replicating

A

it gets killed which releases the virus to go infect more cells

64
Q

how do antibiotics work

A

work against living things, no viruses only bacteria

Biology (12 decks)

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