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Nutrition > Nutrients & Metabolism > Flashcards

Nutrients & Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What are the six categories of nutrients?

A
  1. Water
  2. Carbs
  3. Lipids/fats
  4. Proteins
  5. Vitamins
  6. Minerals

BONUS: Oxygen!

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2
Q

Carbs, fats, & proteins are all ____ producing nutrients

A

Energy producing

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3
Q

Water, vitamins, & minerals are ____ producing nutrients

Hint: More so “lack of” producing

A

Non-energy producing

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4
Q

What is an essential nutrient? Define it.

A

Ones that an animal cannot manufacture; or cannot make fast enough to meet the body’s needs. These must be in their diet!

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5
Q

What are the three categories of carbs?

A
  1. Sugars: monosaccharides & disaccharides that come from fruits, sugar cane, honey, milk, & sugar beets.
  2. Starches: polysaccharides that come from grains, root veg, & legumes.
  3. Cellulose: polysaccharides that are found in most veg (these are more diff to break down).
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6
Q

What are the three categories of lipids (fats)?

A
  1. Neutral fats
  2. Phospholipids - all cell memb made of this
  3. Steroids

And other lipid substances

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7
Q

Neutral Fats:
1. Potenial energy
2. Essential
3. Liver’s function

A
  1. Contain over twice as much potential energy by weight as protein or carbs
  2. This is an essential fatty acid; it cannot be made in the animals body
  3. Liver can convert one fatty acid to another
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8
Q

T/F: Dogs & cats both require Linoleic (omega 6), Linolenic (omega 3), and Arachidonic acids

A

False! Dogs & cats only require linoleic and linolenic acids. Cats require the additional arachidonic acids but dogs do not.

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9
Q

What are unsaturated fats?

A
  • One or more double bonds between the carbon atoms; not a full complement of hydrogen atoms.
  • These are monounsaturated & polyunsaturated
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10
Q

What are TRIglycerides?

A

Three chains of fatty acid molecules attached to a single molecule of glycerol*

*This is also known as the glycerol back bone

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11
Q

What are saturated fats?

A

Fatty acids with single bonds between carbon atoms; full complement of hydrogen atoms

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12
Q

T/F: Neutral fats are stored as SQ fat and is an important insulator

A

True

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13
Q

T/F: Neutral fats are not used as cushions around vital organs like the heart, kidneys, and eyes

A

False! They do help cushion these organs!

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14
Q

Neutral acids absorb the fat soluble vitamins _____ (4)

A

A, D, E, & K

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15
Q

Steroids
1. Composed of:
2. Include __(4)___ from the cortex of the adrenal gland

A
  1. Of four flat interlocking rings of hydrocarbons
  2. Cholestrol, bile salts, sex hormones, & hormones released from the cortex of the adrenal gland
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16
Q

What is a phospholipid? Structure?

A

What it is:
- Modified triglycerides derived primarily from cell membranes of plant & animal cells.

Structure:
- Glycerol core & two fatty acid chains
- Phosphorous group attached to the glycerol molecule “Polar Head”

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17
Q

Describe the structure of a protein (3)

A

Composed of amino acids:
1. Amine group (-NH2)
2. Organic acid group (-COOH)
3. “R” group - variable

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18
Q

What are the functions of a protein? (4)

A
  1. Primary structural material of the animal body.
  2. Regulate body functions - enzymes & hormones.
  3. Transport O2 - hemoglobin.
  4. Aid in body movement - contractile proteins in muscle cells.
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19
Q

Polypeptide is composed of:

A

More than ten amino acids bonded together

20
Q

Protein is composed of ____ amino acids

A
  • 50 or more amino acids.
  • They CAN be 10,000 amino acids.
21
Q

List the 2 water-soluble vitamins

A
  1. Vitamin B
    Vit B1 - Thiamine
    Vit B2 - Riboflavin
    Vit B3 - Niacin or Nicotinamide
    Vit B5 - Pantothenic acid
    Vit B9 - Folacin or Folic acid
    Vit B12 - Cyanocobalamin
  2. Vitamin C - Ascorbic acid
22
Q

Water-soluble vitamins are absorbed where?

A

In the Kidneys. Excess is excreted in the urine.

23
Q

Fat-soluble vitamins bind to ___ before they are absorbed with ingesta. They can be stored for ___ periods of time in the ____.

A
  1. Lipids
  2. Long periods of time
  3. in the tissues
24
Q

List the four fat-soluble vitamins

A

Vit A - Retinol
Vit D - Antirachitic factor or Calciferol
Vit E - Antisterility factor or Tocopherols
Vit K - Coagulation factor or Quinones

25
Q

T/F: Minerals are inorganic substances that are not energy-producing

A

True!

26
Q

Macromineral, trace elements, or microminerals:

Calcium, chlorine, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, & sodium

A

Macrominerals

27
Q

Macrominerals, trace elements, or microminerals:

Copper, iodine, iron, manganese, selenium, & zinc

A

Microminerals

28
Q

Macrominerals, trace elements, or microminerals:

Chromium, cobalt, fluorine, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, sulphur, & vanadium

A

Trace elements

29
Q

List the three stages of catabolism

A
  1. Digestion in the lumen of the GI tract
  2. Anaerobic respiration in the cytoplasm of cells
  3. Aerobic respiration in mitochondria of cells
30
Q

What is anabolism?

A

Use of stored energy to assemble new molecules from the small components that are produced from catabolism

31
Q

What is catabolism?

A

Involves the breakdown of nutrients into smaller molecules to produce energy

32
Q

What is nitrogen balance?

A
  • Amino acids not used to make protein are used by the cell to make energy or converted to carbs or fats

Or
- Excess of amino acids are used to make energy or converted into carbs/fats.

33
Q

T/F: Positive nitrogen balance is the body incorporating more protein into tissues than it is using to make energy (ATP)

A

True!

34
Q

T/F: Negative nitrogen balance occurs when protein breakdown lacks the needed amount of protein being incorporated into tissues

A

False! This occurs when the protein breakdown EXCEEDS the amount needed

35
Q

Describe what happens on stage one of starvation (3)

A

This occurs in the first few days:
1. Lowered basal metabolic rate
2. Utilization of glycogen to support glucose-requiring tissues (RBCs, kidneys, nervous system)
3. Fatty acid stores are converted into glucose (ketone bodies are by-products)

36
Q

Describe stage two of starvation (2)

A

Begins after 1-2 weeks:
1. Body fat stores depleted (ketone bodies utilized for energy)
2. Normal body function maintained

37
Q

Describe stage three of starvation (2)

A

Begins when body fat is depleted:
1. Body protein catabolized for fuel (liver, blood, muscle)
2. Body function fails (blood, immune system, digestion, respiration, heart)

38
Q

!IMPORTANT!

Why do animals need to breathe? Why do they need oxygen?

A

Aerobic respiration!

Every cell in the body requires oxygen to turn glucose into ATP to exhale waste product
(waste product: CO2, other toxins)

39
Q

Where are water soluble vitamins removed in the body?
a. Kidneys
b. Colon
c. Liver

A

Water soluble vitamins are removed in the Kidneys!

40
Q

Which of the following is a function of a protein?
a. Carries oxygen (hemoglobin)
b. Provides contractility in muscle cells
c. Enzymatic activity
d. All choices are possible functions of protein

A

All choices are correct!

41
Q

From which substance can all steroids be made?
a. Cholesterol
b. Estrogen
c. Testosterone

A

Cholesterol

42
Q

T/F: During anabolism, cells use ATP to manufacture substances and perform vital functions.

A

True

43
Q

T/F: An important product of aerobic respiration of the cell is adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

A

True

44
Q

T/F: Negative nitrogen balance occurs when protein breakdown in the body fails to meet the amount of protein being incorporated into tissues.

A

False! It occurs when protein has EXCEEDED the amount of protein being incorporated

45
Q

T/F: The essential fatty acids include linoleic acid, linolenic acid and arachidonic acid (cat).

A

True

46
Q

Which statement is true regarding carbohydrates?
a. Glucose that is not immediately used can be converted to glycogen and stored
b. Glucose is not required by the cells of carnivores for energy
c. Blood glucose regulation hormones are produced in the liver

A

Glucose that is not immediately used can be converted to glycogen and stored

Nutrition (11 decks)

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