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Nutrition > tHe bAsIcS > Flashcards

tHe bAsIcS Flashcards

1
Q

What is a nutrient?

A

Any food constituent that helps support life

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2
Q

What are the four basic functions of nutrients in the body?

A
  1. Body development and maintenance
  2. Energy provision
  3. Disease prevention
  4. Disease recovery
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3
Q

Essential nutrient

A

Indispensable in the diet!
The body CANNOT synthesize this

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4
Q

Conditionally essential

A

Required during certain physiologic or pathologic conditions (like lifestage)

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5
Q

Non-essential

A

Dispensable - the body can synthesize from other diet components

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6
Q

Water functions (3)

This is the most essential nutrient!

A
  1. Solvent and transport
  2. Chemical reactions
  3. Reg body temp
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7
Q

T/F: Water is about 70% of the body composition. 15-20% loss of water can result in death

A

True! That much loss of water is ~ d e h y d r a t i o n ~

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8
Q

Carbohydrates structure (3) and function (4)

A

Structures: Monosaccharide, Disaccharide, & Polysaccharide

Functions:
1. Energy source
2. Provides form (dry & canned food)
3. Increases food vol
4. Reduces cost of food

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9
Q

Bran, beet pulp, soybean, or peanut hull are all great sources of _____ fiber

A

Insoluble fiber! (fiber = carbs)

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10
Q

Three benefits of insoluble carbs/fibers

A
  1. Increases fecal bulk & normalize transit time
  2. Increase satiety (fullness)
  3. Provide probiotics for intestinal health
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11
Q

Protein functions (2-6)

A
  1. Energy source
  2. Building blocks:
    - Hormones
    - Enzymes
    - Cell components
    - Antibodies
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12
Q

List the 11 essential amino acids

A
  1. Threonine
  2. Arginine
  3. Tryptophan
  4. Isoleucine
  5. Valine
  6. Lysine
  7. Phenylalanine
  8. Histidine
  9. Leucine
  10. Methionine
  11. Taurine (cats only)
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13
Q

Fat special functions (5)

A
  1. Anti-inflammatory
  2. Carrier for vitamins
  3. Essential fatty acids
  4. Hormone synthesis
  5. Palatability
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14
Q

T/F: Fat is a component of cell structure but is not an energy source

A

False! Is it a component of cell structure AND a source of energy

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15
Q

Fat produces ___ kcals/g which is the most out of all the nutrients

A

8.5 kcals/g

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15
Q

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?

A

Unsat have double bonds (or more) between their C atoms while sat don’t

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16
Q

Omega 3’s double bond is at the ____ position while Omega 6’s is at the ___ position.

A
  • Omega 3’s is at the 3rd position
  • Omega 6’s is at the 6th position
17
Q

The three essential fatty are…

A
  1. Linoleic (omega-6)
  2. a-Linolenic (omega-3)
  3. Arachidonic (in cats!) (omega-6)
18
Q

Special functions DHA and EPA do what in animals

A
  1. DHA: Promotes brain development
  2. EPA: An anti-inflammatory
19
Q

Fat diet requirement % in cats is ___ and ___ in dogs

A

9% in cats
5% in dogs

20
Q

Formula for RER

A

(30 x bodyweight in kg) + 70

21
Q

1 kcal = ____ calories = 1 Calorie

A

1 kcal = 1000 calories = 1 Calorie

22
Q

DER formula

A

kcal/day (RER) x DER factor

23
Q

What are vitamins

A

Organic substance (contains carbon) essential to nutrition

24
Q

Vitamin act as ____ assisting in chemical reactions. They do not provide _____ or act as ____.

A
  1. Act as Coenzymes
  2. Do not provide energy
  3. Do not act as building blocks
25
Q

What are the two water soluble vitamins?
Fat soluble?

A
  1. Vitamin B & C
  2. Vitamins A, E, D, K
26
Q

Vitamin A
1. Function
2. Essential
3. Toxicity

A
  1. Function:
    - Visual proteins (in retina)
    - Epithelial cell differentiation (lining of skin & organs)
    - Bone resorption
  2. Essential: Cats!
  3. Toxicity: Only on high levels
27
Q

Vitamin D
1. Function
2. Essential
3. Toxicity

A
  1. Function:
    - Ca/P mineral balance
    - Bone mineralization
    - Bone resorption
  2. Essential: Variable
  3. Toxicity:
    - Can cause kidney failure
    - Secondary hyperparathyroidism
    - Feline odontoclastic resorptive lesions (FORL)
28
Q

Vitamin E
1. Function:
2. Essential:
3. Toxicity:

A
  1. Function:
    - Biological antioxidant
    - Membrane (mucus membrane) integrity (scavenger free radicals)
    - Prevents steatites (inflam. disease) in cats
  2. Essential: Cats & dogs, yes!
  3. Toxicity: High levels
29
Q

Vitamin K
1. Function:
2. Essential:
3. Toxicity:

A
  1. Function: Blood clotting (vita K is req to do this)
  2. Essential: Cats conditionally
  3. Toxicity: Minimal
30
Q

Vitamin B
1. Function:
2. Essential:
3. Toxicity:

A
  1. Function:
    - Cofactors for neuron activity, cell metabolism, & DNA/RNA synthesis
    - Many vitamins
  2. Essential: Cats & dogs conditionally (esp for GI issues by ilium where vita B metabol occurs)
  3. Toxicity: Low
31
Q

Vitamin C
1. Function:
2. Essential:
3. Toxicity:

A
  1. Function:
    - Antioxidant
    - Collagen proteins: structural integrity of skin & connective tissue
  2. Essential: No, can be made from other sources
  3. Toxicity: Low
32
Q

What are minerals?

A

Inorganic substance that are essential to health

33
Q

Minerals do not provide ____ and are important as components of ____ and/or ____ reactions

A
  1. Energy
  2. Proteins
  3. Chemicals
34
Q

These are all what kind of minerals?
1. Salt
2. Potassium
3. Phosphorous
4. Magnesium
5. Calcium
6. Sulfur

A

Macrominerals

35
Q

These are all what kind of minerals?
1. Iron
2. Zinc
3. Copper
4. Boron
5. Manganese
6. Selenium
7. Iodine
8. Chromium

A

Microminerals

36
Q

Macrominerals are measured in ___ while microminerals are measured in ____

A

Macrominerals are measured in % of diet

Microminerals are measured in ppm

37
Q

Nutrient excess: Calcium
Disease
What it causes

A
  1. Skeletal development disease
  2. It causes:
    - Hip dysplasia
    - Osteochondrosis
38
Q

Feeding goals (3)

A
  1. Meet energy req to maintain ideal weight
  2. Meet water, protein, fat, & vitamin/mineral needs of animals to maintain health and ideal BCS
  3. Avoid excessive nutrients that may cause illness or unneeded expense
39
Q

Nutrient excess: Magnesium
Common name
What it causes

A
  1. Commonly referred to formation of “stones”
  2. Causes:
    - Inflammation
    - Infection
    - Minerals in the urine
    - Urine pH
    - Breed
    - Gender

Nutrition (11 decks)

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