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Nutrition Flashcards

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1
Q

T or F? Overweight and obese individuals have relatively low metabolic rates.

A

False

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2
Q

T or F? Low metabolism contributes significantly to obese individuals’ excess weight gain.

A

False for most populations

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3
Q

T or F? There are diets available to increase a person’s metabolic rate thereby inducing weight loss.

A

False

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4
Q

T or F? A person’s metabolic rate decreases during caloric restriction inhibiting the rate of weight loss.

A

True

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5
Q

What is an alternative energy source for the brain?

A

Beta-hydroxybutyrate (ketones)

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6
Q

What is stunting and what is it caused by?

A

It is linear growth failure caused by chronic mild protein energy malnutrition

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7
Q

What is the meaning of underweight?

A

Defined as weight-for-age >2 SD below mean in kids, BMI<18.5 in adults

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8
Q

What is the meaning of wasting?

A

It is AKA marasmus and is defined as weight-for-height >2 SD below mean

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9
Q

What is Kwashhiorkor?

A

Manifested by inadequate protein and it causes wasting with edema and impaired renal function

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10
Q

What are saturated FAs?

A

No double bonds

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11
Q

What are mono unsaturated FAs?

A

Single double bond

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12
Q

What are poly unsaturated FAs?

A

Multiple double bonds

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13
Q

What happens with essential FA deficiency?

A

Scaly dermatitis

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14
Q

What are the essential FAs?

A

Linoleic and Linolenic Acid

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15
Q

How does fiber decrease plasma cholesterol levels?

A
  • Sequesters bile to reduce reabsorption
  • Slows carbohydrate absorption which keeps insulin low and slows cholesterol synthesis
  • Stimulate short chain FA synthesis which inhibits cholesterol synthesis
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16
Q

What are the fat soluble vitamins?

A

A, D, E, K

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17
Q

What are the water soluble vitamins?

A

Thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, B6, B12, pantothenic acid, biotin, folic acid, vitamin C

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18
Q

What are the functions of vitamin A?

A

Involved with vision and gene expression

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19
Q

What happens with vitamin A deficiency?

A

Night blindness/red gingiva/immune dysfunction

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20
Q

What are the functions of vitamin D?

A

Maintain serum calcium and phosphorus levels

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21
Q

What happens with vitamin D deficiency?

A

Rickets/osteomalacia

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22
Q

What are the functions of vitamin E?

A

Antioxidant in cell membranes

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23
Q

What happens with vitamin E deficiency?

A

Ataxia with peripheral neuropathy

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24
Q

What are the functions of vitamin K?

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A

Cofactor for blood clotting

25
What happens with vitamin K deficiency?
Hemorrhaging and poor coagulation
26
What is a major sign of rickets?
Bow legs
27
What is vitamin A AKA?
Retinol
28
What is vitamin D AKA?
Cholecalciferol
29
What is vitamin E AKA?
Tocopherol
30
What is vitamin K AKA?
Phylloquinone
31
What vitamin first comes to mind with chronic alcoholism?
Thiamin
32
What important enzyme is thiamin a cofactor for?
Pyruvate dehydrogenase
33
What disease is related to thiamin deficiency?
Beriberi
34
What enzyme is most affected by riboflavin deficiency?
Succinate Dehydrogenase
35
What is a symptom of excess riboflavin?
Bright yellow urine
36
What is niacin made from?
Tryptophan
37
What is the function of niacin?
Coenzymes as NAD and NADP in ATP synthesis
38
What is caused by niacin deficiency?
Pellagra
39
What is the function of vitamin C?
Coenzyme in redox reactions (hydroxylation of collagen)
40
What is caused by vitamin C deficiency?
Scurvy
41
What is the function of folic acid?
Coenzyme for methyl transfer reactions (THF)
42
What important enzymes are related to folic acid?
Thymidylate Synthase | Methionine Synthase
43
What is the function of cobalamin?
Coenzyme for one-carbon transfers: methionine synthase & methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA)
44
What is caused by cobalamin deficiency?
Decreased DNA synthesis and increased MeTHF as a "methyl trap" and homocysteine will accumulate
45
What are the functions of Ca2+?
In bone and as a messenger
46
What are the functions of P?
Bone, phospholipids and as a messenger
47
What is refeeding syndrome?
Starved people given glucose and saline will see stimulation of rapid glycogen synthesis, which depletes plasma phosphorus concentration
48
What is the function of iron?
On heme to bind O2
49
What transports Fe?
Transferrin
50
What stores Fe?
Ferritin | Hemosiderin in the liver
51
What is the function of ceruloplasmin?
Oxidzes ferrous iron to ferric iron for storage
52
What is caused by Fe deficiency?
Microcytic, hypochromic anemia
53
What is the function of Zn?
Zinc serves in the Zn finger structures of proteins
54
What can occur with Zn deficiency?
Anemia, hypogonadism and “dwarfism”; reversed on feeding of meat products
55
What is the function of iodine?
Essential component of thyroxine (tetraiodothyronine [T4]) & triiodothyronine (T3); essential for proper growth & development
56
What can occur with iodine deficiency?
Endemic goiter
57
What is the function of Cu?
It is a constituent of many proteins & enzymes, typically in oxidative capacity; most circulating Cu bound to ceruloplasmin
58
What are some diseases of Cu deficiency?
Menke’s disease – fatal X-linked disorder, mutation in ATP7A gene results in maldistribution of Cu; characterized by mental retardation; depigmented hair; low serum, brain & liver Cu but elevated in intestinal mucosa, muscle & kidneys – results in faulty connective tissue formation, death often by 3 years

Physiology (81 decks)

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