Nutrition and Digestion

Question 1

amino acids

Answer 1

building block of proteins and all organisms require 20 amino acids

Question 2

plants and microorganisms can produce

Answer 2

all 20 amino acids

Question 3

animals can synthesize

Answer 3

ab half of the amino acids from molecules in their diet

Question 4

essential amino acids

Answer 4

amino acids that must be obtained for animals in prefabricated form

Question 5

animals vs plants in providing amino acids

Answer 5

eating animals can provide the rest of the amino acids
plants usually lack some essential amino acids but compliment each other
ex: beans have what rice lacks

Question 6

fatty acids

Answer 6

needed for membrane phospholipids, signaling molecules, and storage fats
animals can synthesize many of the fatty acids needed

Question 7

essential fatty acids

Answer 7

the ones that animals can’t synthesize, must be obtained from diet
good foods for them: grains, seeds, and veggies

Question 8

vitamins

Answer 8

organic molecules required in the diet in very small amounts
thirteen vitamins essential for humans

Question 9

minerals

Answer 9

simple inorganic nutrients, required in small amounts
K,P,Mg

Question 10

Ingestion

Answer 10

the act of eating

Question 11

Much of the energy budget is

Answer 11

devoted to obtaining food in animals

Question 12

most animals have innate behaviors in finding food

Answer 12

ex: sea turtles and flour beetles know what to eat, where to find it, when to find it

Question 13

mammals are more flexible to food consumption

Answer 13

mammals learn from others where to obtain food

Question 14

Digestion

Answer 14

the process of breaking down food into molecules small enough to pass through membranes

Question 15

types of digestion

Answer 15

mechanical
chemical

Question 16

absorption

Answer 16

uptake of small molecules by body cells

Question 17

elimination

Answer 17

the passage of undigested material out of the digestive system

Question 18

alimentary canal/complete digestive tract

Answer 18

a digestive tube with two openings: a mouth and anus (more complex)

Question 19

accessory glands secrete digestive enzymes in alimentary canal:

Answer 19

salivary glands into mouth, gastric glands (in stomach lining) into stomach, liver gallbladder pancreas small intestine into small intestine

Question 20

oral cavity

Answer 20

begins the processing of food
w/ teeth, salivary glands, and amylase

Question 21

pharynx

Answer 21

junction that opens esophagus and trachea

Question 22

the act of swallowing prevents

Answer 22

food from entering the trachea
bolus = chewed food

Question 23

esophagus

Answer 23

delivers food to stomach

Question 24

smooth muscle contractions in esophagus push

Answer 24

food to stomach

Question 25

stomach

Answer 25

stores food and processes it into a liquid suspension

Question 26

stomach secretes

Answer 26

gastric juices hcl and pepsin stomach juices have low pH

Question 27

mucus and constant new epithelial cells

Answer 27

protects stomach from gastric juices

Question 28

small intestine

Answer 28

longest compartment of alimentary canal most hydrolysis of macromolecules here

Question 29

duodenum

Answer 29

first section of the small intestine and mixes in digestive juices from the accessory glands

Question 30

digestion is largely completed

Answer 30

in the duodenum

Question 31

nutrient absorption in small intestine

Answer 31

after the duodenum, absorption occurs in the rest of the small intestine large surface area due to villi and microvilli on inside of intestine brush border increases the rate of absorption

Question 32

large intestine

Answer 32

where the alimentary canal ends

Question 33

cecum

Answer 33

where colon and small intestine meet aids in fermentation of plant material has extension called appendix in humans (aids in immunity)

Question 34

colon completes the

Answer 34

recovery of water; solidifies feces; leads to rectum and anus

Question 35

1/3 of feces dry weight

Answer 35

is the community of bacteria on unabsorbed organic material

Question 36

microbiome

Answer 36

the collection of microorganisms living in and on the body

Question 37

each person has a unique

Answer 37

microbiome differences associated with disease, age, diet, and pets

Question 38

500-1000 species more cells

Answer 38

of bacteria at one time more cells than our own in the microbiome