Nutrition in Health and Disease

Question 1

Define diet.

Answer 1

Sum total of all the food ingested

Question 2

What are nutrients?

Answer 2

Chemical components required by the body

Question 3

What happens if food intake exceeds demand?

Answer 3

Put on weight

Question 4

What happens if food demand exceeds intake?

Answer 4

Lose weight

Question 5

How can basal metabolic rate be measured directly?

Answer 5

Calorimetry

Question 6

How can basal metabolic rate be calculated?

Answer 6

Depends on lean body mass
Number of different equations e.g. Harris Benedict or Hernry equation

Question 7

Define malnutrition.

Answer 7

State of nutrition in which a deficiency or excess of energy, protein and other nutrients causes measurable adverse effects on tissue/body form, function and clinical outcome.

Question 8

What is the most common micronutrient deficiency?

Answer 8

Iron deficiency anaemia

Question 9

What does overnutrition lead to?

Answer 9

Obesity

Question 10

What does undernutrition lead to?

Answer 10

Weight loss and loss of function

Question 11

How is BMI calculated?

Answer 11

Weight divided by height in metres squared

Question 12

In overnutrition, what would tend to be the associated BMI?

Answer 12

BMI >25

Question 13

Which BMI would suggest obesity?

Answer 13

BMI >30

Question 14

Which factors contribute to obesity?

Answer 14

Environmental factors
Exercise
Genes

Question 15

What can obesity cause increased risks of?

Answer 15

Metabolic syndromes
Cancer

Question 16

List some of the metabolic syndromes obesity increases the chances of.

Answer 16

Hypertension
Type 2 diabetes
CVD
Fatty liver
Non-alcoholic fatty liver
Cirrhosis

Question 17

Which two types of cancer specifically can obesity increase risks of?

Answer 17

Bowel and breast cancer

Question 18

Which factors contribute to malnutrition?

Answer 18

Environment
Underlying disease

Question 19

Those considered to have undernutrition have a BMI of??

Answer 19

BMI<20

Question 20

At which BMI will there be physical impairment due to undernutrition?

Answer 20

BMI<18

Question 21

What is important to note in terms of obese people and BMI?

Answer 21

If they are losing weight abnormally, it may difficult to tell if they still have a high BMI

Question 22

What % of loss of body mass can be associated with increased morbitidity?

Answer 22

10%

Question 23

What is the screening tool used in Scotland for malnutrition?

Answer 23

MUST

Malnutrition
Universal
Screening
Tool

Question 24

What does MUST look at?

Answer 24

BMI
Unexplained weight loss

Question 25

According to MUST, what would the score be for someone with a BMI<20?

Answer 25

1

Question 26

According to MUST, what would the score be for someone with a BMI<18?

Answer 26

2

Question 27

According to MUST, what would the score be for someone who has unexplained weight loss of 5% in the last 3-6 months?

Answer 27

1

Question 28

According to MUST, what would the score be for someone who has unexplained weight loss of 10% in the last 3-6 months?

Answer 28

2

Question 29

According to MUST, what would the score be for someone who has not eaten in the last five days?

Answer 29

2

Question 30

What score, according to MUST, suggest malnutrition?

Answer 30

2 or more Add up the scores from the BMI, unexplained weight loss etc

Question 31

A MUST score of 1 would require what?

Answer 31

Supplements and watch them

Question 32

List some of the consequences which come about as a result of malnutrition?

Answer 32

-Impaired immune response -Reduced muscle strength -Impaired wound healing -Impaired psycho-social function -Impaired recovery from illness and surgery

Question 33

What should you do if you think is malnourished?

Answer 33

Refer to a dietician ->calculating it is so complicated and we are not trained to do so but best referred to someone who knows what they are doing

Question 34

What are the three main subtypes of aetiology of undernutrition?

Answer 34

Appetite failure Access failure Intestinal failure

Question 35

What may cause appetite failure?

Answer 35

Eating disorders like anorexia Disease related

Question 36

What may cause access failure?

Answer 36

Teeth- ill-fitting dentures etc. Stroke Cancer of head and neck Head injury

Question 37

What is meant be intestinal failure?

Answer 37

Reduction in functioning gut mass below the minimum amount required for absorption and digestion of nutrients.

Question 38

How does intestinal failure most commonly arise?

Answer 38

As a complication to surgery

Question 39

What can be used to aid in nutrition in someone who is unable to have food?

Answer 39

Nasogastric tube

Question 40

What can be used instead of nasogastric tubing in the long term?

Answer 40

Gastronomy- PEG (percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube)

Question 41

Describe PEG.

Answer 41

Tube that goes through the skin to the stomach and can aid in nutrition.

Question 42

What is kwashiorkor?

Answer 42

Severe protein malnutrition characterised by oedema and an enlarged liver with fat deposits.

Question 43

What type of feeding may you have to use in rare circumstances rather than gasto tubing?

Answer 43

IV feeding

Question 44

What is the biggest cause of malabsorption?

Answer 44

Coeliac disease

Question 45

In order to have malabsorption, which symptoms will be present?

Answer 45

Diarrhoea Vitamin defiency Check PowerPoint for others

Question 46

Which antibody do you test for in coeliac disease?

Answer 46

IgA