Liver Structure and Function

Question 1

What is the largest internal organ of the body?

Answer 1

Liver

Funny that

Question 2

What is the largest gland of the body?

Answer 2

Liver

Question 3

Is the liver an endocrine or exocrine gland?

Answer 3

Mixed

Question 4

What does the liver sit under?

Answer 4

The diaphragm

Question 5

How many loops does the liver have?

Answer 5

4

Question 6

Name the four loops of the liver.

Answer 6

Right loop
Left loop
Caudate loop
Quadrate loop

Question 7

What makes up the bile system?

Answer 7

Bile ducts and gall bladder which all extend from the liver

Question 8

What does the pancreatic duct merge with?

Answer 8

Bile duct

Question 9

What is the main artery for the liver?

Answer 9

Hepatic artery

Question 10

What is the main vein for the liver?

Answer 10

Hepatic portal vein

Question 11

What are the common hepatic ducts joined to?

Answer 11

Cystic duct from the gallbladder

Question 12

What is the duct called when the cystic and hepatic duct merge?

Answer 12

Common bile duct

Question 13

Which loop of the liver is the largest?

Answer 13

Right loop

Question 14

What is found in the liver porta?

Answer 14

Hepatic artery
Hepatic portal Wvein
Hepatic duct

Question 15

What are most of the tissues of the liver encapsulated by?

Answer 15

Glason capsule

Question 16

What us glason capsule made of?

Answer 16

Connective tissue

Question 17

What is the role of glason capsule?

Answer 17

Protects the liver and keeps the position of the liver stable

Question 18

Which are the cells which do most in the liver?

Answer 18

Hepatocytes

Question 19

Are hepatocytes polar or non-polar?

Answer 19

Polar

Question 20

What are sinusoids?

Answer 20

Capillaries of the liver

Question 21

What are the parenchymal cells of the liver?

*Parachymal=take up most volume

Answer 21

Hepatocytes

Question 22

What are the non-parenchymal cells of the liver?

Answer 22

Pit cells
Kupffer cells
Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells
Hepatic stellate cells

Question 23

What are found between hepatocytes?

Answer 23

Bile canaliculi

Question 24

Which organ stores bile?

Answer 24

Gallbladder

Question 25

What do hepatic stellate cells do?

Answer 25

Store vitamin A

Question 26

When do hepatic stellate cells become activated?

Answer 26

If there is any virus or infection

Question 27

What do hepatic stellate cells secrete?

Answer 27

Fibrogenic material, like collagen

Question 28

What happens if the hepatic stellate cells continuously produce fibrogenic material?

Answer 28

May lead to fibrosis or cirrhosis of the liver

Question 29

What are Kupffer cells?

Answer 29

Macrophages of the liver

Question 30

What are the pit cells?

Answer 30

Natural killer cells of the liver

Question 31

How many supplies of blood come to the liver?

Answer 31

Two

Question 32

Describe where the two supplies of blood for the liver come from.

Answer 32

One comes from the portal vein which brings blood from the alimentary tract. The other comes from the hepatic artery from the aorta.

Question 33

Describe the blood which comes from the portal vein compared to the blood which comes from the hepatic artery.

Answer 33

Portal vein- rich in nutrients but deoxygenated Hepatic artery- rich in oxygen

Question 34

Where in the liver will the two blood supplies mix?

Answer 34

Sinusoid

Question 35

How will the blood leave the liver?

Answer 35

By the central vein

Question 36

How does the liver act as a sieve?

Answer 36

Filters the blood from any toxins that come from the portal vein

Question 37

What are changliocytes?

Answer 37

Biliary epithelial cells

Question 38

What is septa?

Answer 38

Branches of connective tissue which help support the liver

Question 39

What do the septa divide the liver into?

Answer 39

Hexagonol lobules

Question 40

What is located at each corner of a hexagonal lobule?

Answer 40

Portal triad (hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery, hepatic duct) as well as nerves and lymph vessels

Question 41

What is at the centre of each lobule?

Answer 41

Central vein

Question 42

What does the central vein do?

Answer 42

Drains the blood to the hepatic vein and then to the IVC

Question 43

Which structures radiate out from the central veins?

Answer 43

Hepatic cords

Question 44

What are hepatic cords composed of?

Answer 44

Hepatocytes

Question 45

What do bile canaliculus do?

Answer 45

Transport bile from liver to bile ducts

Question 46

Which direction does blood move compared to bile?

Answer 46

Blood moves from the portal triad to the central vein. Bile moves from the central vein to the portal triad.

Question 47

What are the main functions of the liver? hehe there's a lot, have fun x

Answer 47

-Metabolism of xenobiotics -Metabolism of bilirubin -Synthesis of carbs/lipids/amino acids/proteins/bile acids/hormones/blood clotting factors -Clearance of toxins and pathogens -Immune response regulation

Question 48

What is the alimentary role of the liver?

Answer 48

To produce and secrete bile

Question 49

What are the six components of bile?

Answer 49

1. Bile acids 2. Lecithin 3. Cholesterol 4. Bile pigments 5. Toxic metals 6. Bicarbonate

Question 50

What happens to the toxic metals in bile?

Answer 50

Detoxified in liver

Question 51

What is the bile pigment?

Answer 51

Bilirubin from haemoglobin

Question 52

Which three components are synthesised in the liver and have the role of solubilising fat?

Answer 52

Bile acids Lecithin Cholesterol

Question 53

What is the role of bicarbonate in bile?

Answer 53

Neutralisation of acidic chyme

Question 54

Five of the components of bile are secreted by hepatocytes. Which one is secreted by duct cells?

Answer 54

Bicarbonate

Question 55

What is bilirubin?

Answer 55

Breakdown product of haemoglobin from old/damaged erythrocytes (RBC's)

Question 56

What colour does bilirubin turn bile?

Answer 56

Yellow

Question 57

When bilirubin is in the intestine, it is modified by a bacterial enzyme. What colour pigment does this form?

Answer 57

Brown

Question 58

What does the brown pigment do?

Answer 58

Makes faeces brown

Question 59

Some bilirubin can be reabsorbed back into blood. What does this do?

Answer 59

Turns urine yellow

Question 60

What helps with the synthesis of bile in the liver?

Answer 60

Cholesterol

Question 61

Which molecules could bile acids be joined to before secreion?

Answer 61

Glycine or taurine

Question 62

What are bile acids known as before secretion when they are conjugated with taurine or glycine?

Answer 62

Bile salts

Question 63

Why are bile salts conjugated to something else?

Answer 63

To increase solubility

Question 64

How are secreted bile salts recylced?

Answer 64

Via enteropatic circulation

Question 65

When bile salts are secreted into the hepatic duct, it has two options. Explain them.

Answer 65

1. Go through common bile duct and get secreted into the duodenum 2. If sphincter is closed, go back to the gallbladder where it will be stored and concentrated

Question 66

When happens when bile salts get into the intestine?

Answer 66

Bacteria degrade the bile salts

Question 67

What % of bile salts are recycled?

Answer 67

95% Remaining 5% excreted in faeces

Question 68

Where is the gallbladder located?

Answer 68

Inferior surface of liver

Question 69

What are the three layers of the gallbladder?

Answer 69

Mucosa Muscularis Serosa

Question 70

Describe the mucosa layer of the gallbladder.

Answer 70

Folded and has rugae which allows for expansion

Question 71

Describe the muscularis layer of the gallbladder.

Answer 71

Smooth muscle which is responsible for contraction

Question 72

What type of tissue is the serosa?

Answer 72

Connective tissue

Question 73

Explain the pathway of bile.

Answer 73

Gallbladder -> cystic duct -> common bile duct

Question 74

What controls the secretion of bile and pancreatic juice into the duodenum?

Answer 74

Sphincter of Oddi

Question 75

What happens when the sphincter of Oddi is closed?

Answer 75

Bile forced back to gallbladder

Question 76

How much does the gallbladder concentrate bile?

Answer 76

5-20 times

Question 77

How does the gallbladder make the bile more concentrated?

Answer 77

Absorbs sodium and water

Question 78

What gets released if there is fat in the duodenum?

Answer 78

CCK

Question 79

What does CCK do to the sphincter of Oddi?

Answer 79

Relaxes it, allowing it to release more bile and pancreatic juices

Question 80

RECAP- what gets released if there is acid in the duodenum?

Answer 80

Secretin

Question 81

RECAP- what does secretin do?

Answer 81

Decrease gastric acid secretion and emptying rate Increase bicarbonate secretion.

Question 82

RECAP- what does CCK do?

Answer 82

Decreases gastric acid emptying Increases pancreatic enzyme secretion to digest fat