Nutrition Small Animal

Question 1

Dry Matter (amount used)

Answer 1

(DM) 50 to 80% used for energy

Question 2

Kcal-

Answer 2

Same as calorie
Nerd fact - A kilocalorie (kcal) is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of water 1° Celsius

Question 3

Digestible energy

Answer 3

(DE)- the food’s gross energy minus the energy that is nonabsorbable

Question 4

Metabolized Energy

Answer 4

(ME) - Amount of energy available for the body
gross energy minus the energy lost in feces and urine.

Question 5

Net energy

Answer 5

(NE) - the measurement of energy used for digesting, absorbing, and using food.

Question 6

Gross Energy

Answer 6

(GE) = DE - Energy lost through feces

Question 7

EFA - nutrition

Answer 7

Essential Fatty Acids
Dogs and cats require omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids in the diet because they cannot produce these essential fatty acids on their own.
3 important dietary EFAs are: Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), arachidonic acid (APA) and Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)

Question 8

Daily Energy Requirement definition

Answer 8

Daily Energy Requirement (DER)- Calories needed to maintain weight and extra factors like lactating

Question 9

Energy providing nutrient categories

Answer 9

• proteins, fats, carbs

Question 10

Proteins (nutrition small animal)

Answer 10

serve as a dietary nitrogen source

Dogs need 10 AA (amino acids), Cats need 11 AA including taurine

Question 11

Proteins important to the body (nutrition small animal)

Answer 11

primary part of many body tissues, enzymes, and hormones.
essential components of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), hemoglobin, and antibodies

Question 12

The biological value of proteins (nutrition small animal)

Answer 12

(BV) can determine quality.
The higher the quantities of essential amino acids found in a particular protein, the higher is its biological value and quality.
Meats have more AA but proteins from vegetables often compliment meat proteins

Question 13

Carbohydrates (nutrition small animal)

Answer 13

Cats and dogs have no minimum requirement
Broken into soluble and insoluble

Question 14

Insoluble Carbs (nutrition small animal)

Answer 14

Fiber
Diets high in Insoluble carbs not good for puppies and kittens
Fiber can aid in diets for obesity because increase fullness and

Question 15

Soluble Carbs (nutrition small animal)

Answer 15

Soluble = sugars
Aid in digestion

Question 16

Fats (nutrition small animal)

Answer 16

Concentrated form of energy
Enhance taste
Necessary for absorption/storage/transport of the essential fatty acids (EFAs) required (includes arachidonic acid)

Question 17

fat-soluble vitamins
(nutrition small animal)

Answer 17

A, D, E, and K.

Question 18

Non-energy nutrients categories
(nutrition small animal)

Answer 18

vitamins, minerals, water

Question 19

Vitamins
(nutrition small animal)

Answer 19

Two categories- Fat-soluble and Water soluble
Fat-soluble -Can be stored in liver, therefor too much can be toxic
Water Soluble - C and B complex

Question 20

Key Minerals
(nutrition small animal)

Answer 20

Calcium, Phosphorus, Sodium, Magnesium

Question 21

Minerals (general info)
(nutrition small animal)

Answer 21

It’s the balance of minerals that’s important
categorized into two major groups

Macrominerals - include calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, and magnesium

microminerals or trace minerals - iron, zinc, copper, manganese, iodine, cobalt, and selenium.

Question 22

Calcium (nutrition small animal)

Answer 22

• highest mineral requirement but must be balanced with phosphorus
  Too much calcium inhibits phosphorus uptake
  Can inhibit bone growth in puppies and kittens
  Supplements are most often the cause of calcium excess.

Question 23

Phosphorus (nutrition small animal)

Answer 23

Phosphorus- important in cell metabolism and composition of bone and teeth.
Too much dietary phosphorus, however, increases the glomerular filtration rate and results in greater work for the kidneys.
Main cation of intracellular body fluids

Question 24

Sodium
(nutrition small animal)

Answer 24

• the main cation of extracellular body fluids,
  Too much leads to high blood pressure and fluid buildup
  4 to 8 mg/kg of sodium is adequate to maintain homeostasis but many commercial pet foods contain 10 to 40 times the amount needed

Question 25

Magnesium (nutrition small animal)

Answer 25

- seems to be the main contributor in the appearance of struvite uroliths Important in energy production

Question 26

Ash (nutrition small animal)

Answer 26

- refers to all minerals in pet food. Low ash often called good for urinary issues but really needs to be low magnesium

Question 27

Water (nutrition small animal)

Answer 27

Requirement - milliliters per day (mL/day), is roughly equivalent to the animal’s energy requirement in kilocalories per day (kcal/day).

Question 28

Antioxidants (nutrition small animal)

Answer 28

substances that delay or prevent oxidation (breakdown) of other compounds or structures, such as cell membranes.

Question 29

Cats daily calorie requirement

Answer 29

About 35 kilocalories per pound of body weight. Free Feed problematic because of risk of obesity but closer to natural feeding High protein requirements Greater need for meat based proteins

Question 30

arachidonic acid (nutrition small animal)

Answer 30

Is an EFA Dietary requirement Cats requirement is about 12 percent in comparison to 4 percent for adult dogs. assists the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins as well as improving taste

Question 31

Amino Acids- Cats (nutrition small animal)

Answer 31

Requirements for arginine, taurine and Niacin

Question 32

Cat vitamin requirements (nutrition small animal)

Answer 32

Can’t synthesize vitamin A from beta carotenes Too little can lead to vision issues and dull coat Toxicity (too much liver, Vitamin A, or fish oil) - anorexia, weight loss, stiffness/lameness, new bone formation, neurological signs Poor growth

Question 33

arginine - cats (nutrition small animal)

Answer 33

With deficiency of arginine, the urea cycle cannot convert ammonia to urea, resulting in ammonia toxicity. Even eating one meal devoid of arginine may result in hyperammonemia in less than 1 hour.

Question 34

Niacin Cats (nutrition small animal)

Answer 34

converted from amino acid tryptophan to B-vitamin niacin in most other mammals too little- weight loss, loss of appetite, unkempt fur and wounds around the mouth.

Question 35

Taurine Cats (nutrition small animal)

Answer 35

Can’t synthesize taurine from cysteine Taurine deficiency- progressive retinal damage and also heart issues

Question 36

Dogs and EFA

Answer 36

EFA deficiencies occur when they are fed low-fat dog food containing beef tallow as the sole source of fat in the diet or when the diet has been improperly stored for an extended period.

Question 37

RER calculation

Answer 37

RER- kcal/day = 70 (ideal BWkg)0.75power

Question 38

DER calculation

Answer 38

RER × life stage/condition factor

Question 39

Gestation/lactation nutrition concerns

Answer 39

Malnutrition Affects both pregnancy and lactation Obesity May result in a difficult or prolonged delivery and may prolong labor, This can cause oxygen or low blood sugar in puppies or kittens.

Question 40

Gestation/lactation and water

Answer 40

Can require up to double normal water amounts

Question 41

Gestation/lactation and what food groups important

Answer 41

Carbs important ingredient in food Calcium supplementation not important Above average digestibility is important

Question 42

Dogs gestation/lactation Nutrition EDIT

Answer 42

During pregnancy energy requirements are about 30% more than normal adult. Can go up to 50% to 60% --Highest during 6 to 8 weeks of pregnancy Food should be high in energy density Throughout pregnancy and nursing fat is important --Especially eicosapentaenoic acid and acid docosahexaenoic acid (Omega 3 fatty acids) After whelping a bitch’s energy needs increases with highest point at 3 to 5 weeks --At highest point, 2 to 4 times the energy needed compared to non-nursing Returns to maintenance levels at 8 weeks after whelping Crude protein recommendation 20 -22%

Question 43

Cats gestation/lactation nutrition

Answer 43

Recommended energy for gestation is 25 - 50% above adult Approximately 90 to 110 kcal/kg x BW/day May increase to 70% above maintenance Minimum crude protein recommendation 21.3% protein levels at or above 35% DM are recommended for gestating queens.

Question 44

Puppy/Kitten general nutrition

Answer 44

Requirements for all nutrients are increased during growth. Most nutrients supplied in excess cause little to no harm. 1) Excess energy can cause obesity which can lead to skeletal problems 2) Excess calcium - hypercalcemia 3) EFAs can affect neural development

Question 45

Puppies nutrtition

Answer 45

Weaning 4 - 8 weeks Puppies initially use about 50% of their total energy intake for maintenance and 50% for growth Energy needed for growth decreases to about 8% to 10% of the total energy requirement when puppies reach 80% or more of adult BW Protein requirements of growing dogs differ quantitatively and qualitatively from those of adults. need more calcium and phosphorus compared with adult dogs, but not a lot However large breed puppies need more than others digestible (soluble) carbohydrates for growing puppies is recommended to be approximately 20%

Question 46

DHA

Answer 46

Docosahexaenoic acid is an EFA

Question 47

Puppies and fatty acids (EDIT this)

Answer 47

arginine is an essential amino acid for puppies, less important for adults adding a source of DHA should be considered essential for growth (Fish Oil). -- It improves neural function The minimum recommended allowance for DHA plus EPA is 0.05%