Nx 100 Ch 24

Question 1

vital signs

Answer 1

temperature, pulse, respiration, and blood pressure

Question 2

body temperature

Answer 2

the difference between heat loss and heat production
normal 97F (36C) to 99.5F (37.5C)

Question 3

4 mechanisms of transfer of body heat to environment

Answer 3

radiation
convection
evaporation
conduction

Question 4

4 sources of heat loss

Answer 4

skin (primary)
evaporation of sweat
warming and humidifying transpired air
eliminating urine and feces

Question 5

heat production

Answer 5

metabolism (primary)
hormones, exercise, muscle movement
epinephrine and norepinephrine can alter metabolism and heat production

Question 6

the body’s thermostat

Answer 6

the thermoregulatory center in the hypothalamus

Question 7

2 primary ways to measure body temp

Answer 7

surface - oral, axillary, and skin surface

core - tympanic, rectal, or invasive devices

Question 8

Fahrenheit to centigrade conversion

Answer 8

C=(F-32)/1.8

Question 9

centigrade to Fahrenheit conversion

Answer 9

F=(C*1.8)+32

Question 10

factors affecting temperature

Answer 10

circadian rhythms - body temp lowest in morning, highest in late afternoon
age and gender - very young and very old have difficulty maintaining temp; women greater variability
environment

Question 11

afebrile

Answer 11

without fever; normal body temp

Question 12

febrile

Answer 12

having a fever

Question 13

fever

Answer 13

above normal body temp
also known as pyrexia
brought on by upward displacement of themoregulatory set point

Question 14

when taking an oral/sublingual temp, remember…

Answer 14

to wait 15 to 30 minutes if patient has had cold/hot food/fluids or smoking or chewing gum

Question 15

when taking an axillary temp, remember…

Answer 15

to wait 15-30 minutes if axilla has just been washed

Question 16

cardiac output

Answer 16

the amount of blood pumped by the heart in one minute

CO=SV*HR

Question 17

pulse is controlled by…

Answer 17

the sinoatrial node on the heart

Question 18

normal pulse rate

Answer 18

60 - 100 beats/min

Question 19

tachycardia

Answer 19

rapid heart rate

100 to 180 beats/min

Question 20

bradycardia

Answer 20

slow heart rate
<60 beats/min
may be normal in athletes

Question 21

dysrhythmia

Answer 21

irregular pulse

Question 22

pulse deficit

Answer 22

the difference between apical and radial pulse

Question 23

when taking an apical pulse, remember…

Answer 23

to count for 1 full minute (unlike radial which is only 30 seconds)

Question 24

normal respiratory rate

Answer 24

12 - 20/min

infants and young children breath more readily

Question 25

eupnea

Answer 25

normal respiration

Question 26

tachypnea

Answer 26

elevated resp rate | >24 breaths/min

Question 27

bradypnea

Answer 27

decreased resp rate | <10 breaths/min

Question 28

apnea

Answer 28

periods of no breathing

Question 29

dyspnea

Answer 29

difficulty or labored breathing

Question 30

orthopnea

Answer 30

being able to breath easier in an upright position

Question 31

systolic

Answer 31

maximum pressure; corresponds w/ contraction of L ventricle

Question 32

diastolic

Answer 32

minimum pressure; corresponds with relaxation of L ventricle

Question 33

pulse pressure

Answer 33

the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressures

Question 34

normal cardiac output

Answer 34

3.5 - 8L/min

Question 35

normal blood pressure

Answer 35

120/80

Question 36

stage I hypertension

Answer 36

systolic: 140-159 diastolic: 90-99

Question 37

stage II hypertension

Answer 37

systolic: >/=160 diastolic: >/=100

Question 38

hypotension

Answer 38

below normal bp; may be normal in athletes | systolic: 90-115

Question 39

True/False: a single bp reading is significant

Answer 39

False: 2 or more subsequent readings are needed before diagnosing high bp

Question 40

risk factors for hypertension

Answer 40

family history, sedentary lifestyle, obesity, continual stress, smoking, alcohol consumption, HIGH SALT, HIGH FAT, HIGH CALORIE DIET

Question 41

2 types of hypertension

Answer 41

primary/essential - without a cause | secondary - caused by a known pathology

Question 42

orthostatic hypotension

Answer 42

associated w/ weakness or fainting when one rises to an erect position

Question 43

radiation

Answer 43

diffusion or dissemination of heat; exposed skin radiates heat

Question 44

convection

Answer 44

dissemination of heat by motion between areas of unequal density; fan blowing cool air across warm surface

Question 45

evaporation

Answer 45

conversion of liquid to a vapor; evaporation of sweat

Question 46

conduction

Answer 46

transfer of heat directly to another object; an ice pack

Question 47

intermittent fever

Answer 47

intermittent: alternates between periods of fever and normal temp

Question 48

remittent fever

Answer 48

remittent: fluctuates more than 3.6F above normal but never reaches normal

Question 49

constant fever

Answer 49

constant: elevated consistently with fluctuations of less than 3.6F (2C)

Question 50

relapsing fever

Answer 50

body temp returns to normal for a day, but then fever returns

Question 51

crisis (as related to fever)

Answer 51

fever returns to normal suddenly

Question 52

lysis (as related to fever)

Answer 52

fever returns to normal gradually

Question 53

pulse sites

Answer 53

``` temporal carotid brachial radial femoral popliteal posterior tibial dorsalis pedis ```