Nx 102 Immunological Function

Question 1

2 types of immunity

Answer 1

natural, acquired

Question 2

natural immunity

Answer 2

nonspecific, present at birth, the first line of defense

Question 3

acquired immunity

Answer 3

specific and develops after birth and after exposure to an antigen

Question 4

2 types of acquired immunity

Answer 4

active - defenses developed by ones own body

passive - temporary; immunizations or through breast milk

Question 5

3 responses to invasion

Answer 5

phagocytic response
humoral/antibody mediated response
cellular immune response

Question 6

phagocytic immune response

Answer 6

• primarily involves granulocytes and macrophages (monoctye on roids)
• foreign particles and cellular debris are ingested and destroyed

Question 7

humoral immune response

Answer 7

• begins with B lympoctyes that become antibody-producing plasma cells
• antibodies attempt to disable invaders

Question 8

cellular immune response

Answer 8

-involves T lymphocytes that can turn in to cytotoxic (killer T) cells that can attack

Question 9

antigens

Answer 9

foreign particle or organism that elicits an immune response

Question 10

antibody

Answer 10

proteins produced by plasma cells that attack and bind to antigens

Question 11

hypoactive immunity

Answer 11

immunodeficiency occurs

Question 12

hyperactive immunity

Answer 12

hypersensitivity occurs

Question 13

4 stages of the immune response

Answer 13

recognition
proliferation
response
effector

Question 14

inflammation

Answer 14

a nonspecific defensive reaction to neutralize, control, or eliminate offending agent and prep site for repair

Question 15

inflammatory response involves…

Answer 15

vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, and leukocytic cellular infiltration

Question 16

total leukocyte count

Answer 16

4800 - 10800/mm3
(60 - 80% granulocytes)
(20 - 40% lymphocytes)

Question 17

3 granulocytes

Answer 17

neutrophils
basophils
eosinophils

Question 18

neutrophils

Answer 18

-primary phagocytes that arrive w/in 60 minutes

Question 19

eosinophils

Answer 19

• respond to allergic reactions and parasites

- neutralize histamine

Question 20

basophils

Answer 20

• function in hypersensitivity (allergic) reactions

- produce and store histamine

Question 21

mast cell

Answer 21

• reside in connective tissue and function similarly to basophils
• release histamine, esp in hypersensitivity reactions

Question 22

monocyte

Answer 22

• phagocytic leukocyte
• helps destroy causative agent and signals other processes of immunity
• become macrophages upon stimulation

Question 23

lymphocytes

Answer 23

• produced from lymphoid stem cells
• B cells mature in bone marrow
• T cells mature in thymus
• responsible for delayed allergic reaction, tissue rejection, and tumor destruction (cellular immunity)

Question 24

plasma cells

Answer 24

• differentiated from B cells

- produce immunoglobulin antibodies

Question 25

5 cardinal signs of inflammation

Answer 25

``` heat redness swelling pain loss of function ```

Question 26

heat & redness

Answer 26

after initial vasoconstriction, vasodilation occurs to increase blood flow to the site of injury/infection - this causes heat and redness

Question 27

swelling

Answer 27

vascular permeability increases at injury site, plasma fluids leak into inflamed tissue

Question 28

pain

Answer 28

swelling causes pressure on nerve endings (nocireceptors), nerves are also irritated by chemical mediators

Question 29

loss of function

Answer 29

related to pain and swelling

Question 30

replacement (types of wound healing)

Answer 30

1st intention: wound edges are approximated and little scarring occurs. (no granulation) 2nd intention: no approximation, wound fills with granulation, may scar and have loss of specialized function 3rd intention: no approximation, healing is slow, major scarring

Question 31

5 types of exudates

Answer 31

``` serous - clear hemorrhagic - red fibrinous membranous - grayish purulent -yellow/green (infection!) ```

Question 32

anaphylactic type I hypersensitivity

Answer 32

Most severe Immediate reaction Primary chemical mediators responsible May be local or systemic

Question 33

signs of anaphylactic type I hypersensitivity

Answer 33

edema, bronchospam, cardiovascular collapse, hypotension

Question 34

cytotoxic type II hypersensitivity

Answer 34

system mistakes normal constituent of the body as foreign associated with myasthenia gravis, goodpasture syndrome, infusion reactions, rh-disease of the newborn, drug induced immune associated hemolytic anemia

Question 35

immune complex type III hypersensitivity

Answer 35

antibody-antigen immune complexes form and settle in connective tissue joints and kidneys susceptible assoc. w/ lupus, rheumatoid arthritis

Question 36

delayed type IV hypersensitivity

Answer 36

known as cellular hypersensitivity occurs w/in 24-72 hours after allergen exposure mediated by t cells and macrophages

Question 37

Infants are protected by ____

Answer 37

IgG, the rest don't cross the placenta

Question 37

examples of delayed type IV hypersensitivity

Answer 37

contact dermatitis - cosmetics, adhesive tape, topical agents, plant toxins, medication additives