OB Mod II terms

Question 1

Active acquired immunity

Answer 1

Formation of antibodies by the pregnant woman or child in response to illness or immunization

Question 2

Brown adipose tissue (BAT)

Answer 2

Fat deposits in neonates that provide greater heat-generating activity than ordinary fat. Found around the kidneys, adrenals, and neck; between the scapulas; and behind the sternum. Also called brown fat.

Question 3

Cardiopulmonary adaptation

Answer 3

Adaptation of the neonate’s cardiovascular and respiratory systems to life outside the womb.

Question 4

Conduction

Answer 4

Loss of heat to a cooler surface by direct skin contact.

Question 5

Convection

Answer 5

Loss of heat from the warm body surface to cooler air currents.

Question 6

Evaporation

Answer 6

Loss of heat incurred when water on the skin surface is converted to a vapor.

Question 7

Habituation

Answer 7

Infant’s ability to diminish innate responses to specific repeated stimuli.

Question 8

Meconium

Answer 8

Dark green or black material present in the large intestine of a full-term infant; the first stools passed by the newborn.

Question 9

Neonatal transition

Answer 9

The first few hours of life, in which the newborn stabilizes its respiratory and circulatory functions.

Question 10

Neutral thermal environment

Answer 10

(NTE) An environment that provides for minimal heat loss or expenditure.

Question 11

Orientation

Answer 11

Infant’s ability to respond to auditory and visual stimuli in the environment.

Question 12

Passive acquired immunity

Answer 12

transfer of antibodies (IgG) from the mother to the fetus in utero

Question 13

Periodic breathing

Answer 13

Sporadic episodes of apnea, not associated with cyanosis, that last for about 10 seconds and commonly occur in preterm infants.

Question 14

Periods of reactivity

Answer 14

Predictable patterns of neonate behavior during the first several hours after birth.

Question 15

Physiologic anemia of infancy

Answer 15

A harmless condition in which the hemoglobin level drops in the first 6-12 weeks after birth, then reverts to normal levels.

Question 16

Physiologic jaundice

Answer 16

A harmless condition caused by the normal reduction of red blood cells, occurring 48 or more hours after birth, peaking at the 5th to 7th day, and disappearing between the 7th and 10th day.

Question 17

Radiation

Answer 17

Heat loss incurred when heat transfers to cooler surfaces and objects not in direct contact with the body.

Question 18

Self-quieting ability

Answer 18

Infant’s ability to use personal resources to quiet and console himself or herself.

Question 19

Surfactant

Answer 19

A surface-active mixture of lipoproteins secreted in the alveoli and air passages that reduces surface tension of pulmonary fluids and contributes to the elasticity of pulmonary tissue.

Question 20

Total bilirubin

Answer 20

Sum of conjugated (direct) and unconjugated (indirect) bilirubin.

Question 21

Acrocyanosis

Answer 21

Cyanosis of the extremities.

Question 22

Barlow maneuver

Answer 22

Test designed to detect subluxation or dislocation of the hip. A dysplastic joint will be felt to be dislocated as the femur leaves the acetabulum.

Question 23

Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale

Answer 23

A brief examination used to identify the infant’s behavioral states and responses

Question 24

Caput succedaneum

Answer 24

Swelling or edema occurring in or under the fetal scalp during labor.

Question 25

Cephalohematoma

Answer 25

Subcutaneous swelling containing blood found on the head of an infant several days after birth; it usually disappears within a few weeks to 2 months.

Question 26

Chemical conjunctivitis

Answer 26

Irritation of the mucous membrane lining of the eyelid; may be due to instillation of silver nitrate ophthalmic drops.

Question 27

Epstein pearls

Answer 27

Small, white blebs found along the gum margins and at the junction of the hard and soft palates; commonly seen in the newborn as a normal manifestation.

Question 28

Erb-Duchenne paralysis (Erb's Palsey)

Answer 28

Paralysis of the arm and chest wall as a result of a birth injury to the brachial plexus or a subsequent injury to the fifth and sixth cervical nerves.

Question 29

Erythema toxicum

Answer 29

Innocuous pink popular rash of unknown cause with superimposed vesicles; it appears within 24 to 48 hours after birth and resolves spontaneously within a few days.

Question 30

Forceps marks

Answer 30

Reddened areas over the cheeks and jaws caused by application of forceps. The red areas usually disappear within 1 or 2 days.

Question 31

Gestational age assessment tools

Answer 31

Systems used to evaluate the newborn's external physical characteristics and neurologic and/or neuromuscular development to accurately determine gestational age. These replace or supplement the traditional calculation from the woman's last menstrual period.

Question 32

Harlequin sign

Answer 32

A rare color change that occurs between the longitudinal halves of the newborn's body, such that the dependent half is noticeably pinker than the superior half when the newborn is placed on one side; it is of no pathologic significance.

Question 33

Jaundice

Answer 33

Yellow pigmentation of body tissues caused by the presence of bile pigments. See also physiologic jaundice.

Question 34

Lanugo

Answer 34

Fine, downy hair found on all body parts of the fetus, with the exception of the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet, after 20 weeks' gestation.

Question 35

Milia

Answer 35

Tiny white papules appearing on the face of a neonate as a result of unopened sebaceous glands; they disappear spontaneously within a few weeks.

Question 36

Molding

Answer 36

Shaping of the fetal head by overlapping of the cranial bones to facilitate movement through the birth canal during labor.

Question 37

Mongolian blue spots

Answer 37

Macular areas of bluish black or gray-blue pigmentation on the dorsal area and the buttocks that are common in newborns of Asian, Hispanic, and African descent and other dark-skin races. They gradually fade during the first or second year of life.

Question 38

Moro reflex

Answer 38

Flexion of the newborn's thighs and knees accompanied by fingers that fan, then clench, as the arms are simultaneously thrown out and then brought together, as though embracing something. This reflex can be elicited by startling the newborn with a sudden noise or movement. Also called the startle reflex.

Question 39

Mottling

Answer 39

Discoloration of the skin in irregular areas; may be seen with chilling, poor perfusion, or hypoxia.

Question 40

New Ballard Score (NBS)

Answer 40

A postnatal gestational age assessment tool that is used within 12 hours of birth.

Question 41

Nevus Flammeus

Answer 41

Port wine stain

Question 42

Nevus vasculosus

Answer 42

Strawberry mark; raised, clearly delineated, dark-red, rough-surfaced birthmark commonly found in the head region.

Question 43

Ortolani maneuver

Answer 43

A manual procedure performed to rule out the possibility of developmental dysplastic hip.

Question 44

Palmar grasping reflex

Answer 44

A reflex elicited by stimulating the newborn's palm with a finger or object, causing the newborn to firmly grasp the finger or object.

Question 45

Pseudomenstruation

Answer 45

In female infants, in the first weeks of life, a vaginal discharge composed of thick, whitish mucus that can become tinged with blood; caused by the withdrawal of maternal hormones.

Question 46

Rooting reflex

Answer 46

An infant's tendency to turn the head and open the lips to suck when one side of the mouth or cheek is touched.

Question 47

Skin turgor

Answer 47

Elasticity of skin; provides information on hydration status.

Question 48

Stepping reflex

Answer 48

A reflex elicited by holding a newborn up with one foot touching a flat surface; the newborn will put one foot in front of the other and "walk". Pronounced at birth, this reflex disappears between 4 and 8 weeks of age.

Question 49

Subconjunctival hemorrhage

Answer 49

Hemorrhage on the sclera of a newborn's eye, usually caused by changes in vascular tension during birth.

Question 50

Sucking reflex

Answer 50

Normal newborn reflex elicited by inserting a finger or nipple in the newborn's mouth, resulting in forceful, rhythmic sucking.

Question 51

Telangiectatic nevi

Answer 51

Stork bites; small clusters of pink=red spots appearing on the nape of the neck and around the eyes of infants; localized areas of capillary dilation.

Question 52

Thrush

Answer 52

A fungal infection of the oral mucous membranes caused by Candida albicans. Most often seen in infants; characterized by white plaques in the mouth.

Question 53

Tonic neck reflex

Answer 53

Postural reflex seen in the newborn. When the supine infant's head is turned to one side, the arm and leg on that side extend while the extremities on the opposite side flex. Also called the fencing position.

Question 54

Vernix caseosa

Answer 54

A protective, cheeselike, whitish substance made up of sebum and desquamated epithelial cells that is present on the fetal skin.

Question 55

Circumcision

Answer 55

Surgical removal of the prepuce (foreskin) of the penis.

Question 56

Colostrum

Answer 56

Secretion from the breast before the onset of true lactation; contains mainly serum and white blood corpuscles. It has a high protein content, provides some immune properties, and cleanses the neonate's intestinal tract of mucus and meconium.

Question 57

Foremilk

Answer 57

Breast milk obtained at the beginning of the breastfeeding episode.

Question 58

Hindmilk

Answer 58

Breast milk released after initial letdown reflex; high in fat content.

Question 59

Letdown reflex

Answer 59

1Pattern of stimulation, hormone release, and resulting muscle contraction that forces milk into the lactiferous ducts, making it available to the infant. Also called milk ejection reflex.

Question 60

Mature milk

Answer 60

Breast milk that contains 10% solids for energy and growth.

Question 61

Newborn screening tests

Answer 61

Tests that detect inborn errors of metabolism that, if left untreated, cause intellectual and physical disabilities.

Question 62

Oxytocin

Answer 62

1Hormone normally produced by the posterior pituitary, responsible for stimulation of uterine contractions and the release of milk into the lactiferous ducts.

Question 63

Parent-newborn attachment

Answer 63

Close affectional ties that develop between parent and child. See also attachment.

Question 64

Prolactin

Answer 64

A hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary that stimulates and sustains lactation in mammals.

Question 65

Transitional milk

Answer 65

Breast milk produced from the end of colostrum production until about 2 weeks postpartum.

Question 66

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)

Answer 66

An umbrella term that includes all categories of prenatal alcohol exposure, including fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). It is not meant to be used as a clinical diagnosis.

Question 67

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

Answer 67

Syndrome caused by maternal alcohol inhestion and characterized by microcephaly, intrauterine growth restriction, short palpebral fissures, and maxillary hypoplasia.

Question 68

Infant of a diabetic mother (IDM)

Answer 68

At-risk infant born to a woman previously diagnosed as diabetic or who develops symptoms of diabetes during pregnancy.

Question 69

Infant of a substance-abusing mother (ISAM)

Answer 69

Formerly called infant of an addicted mother. An infant who is born to a mother who abuses or is addicted to drugs or alcohol.

Question 70

Intrauterine drug-exposed infants

Answer 70

Infants whose mothers used marijuana, alcohol, nicotine, or illicit drugs while pregnant.

Question 71

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR)

Answer 71

Fetal undergrowth due to any etiology, such as intrauterine infection, deficient nutrient supply, or congenital malformation. A term used to describe fetuses falling below the 10th percentile in ultrasonic estimation of weight at a given gestational age. Formerly called intrauterine growth retardation.

Question 72

Large-for-gestational-age (LGA)

Answer 72

Excessive growth of a fetus in relation to the gestational time period.

Question 73

Neonatal morbidity

Answer 73

The number of potential cases per year of a disease, illness, or complication occurring in the neonatal period.

Question 74

Neonatal mortality risk

Answer 74

The infant's chance of death within the newborn period-that is, within the first 28 days of life.

Question 75

Postmaturity

Answer 75

Post term newborn; any infant born after 42 weeks' gestation.

Question 76

Postterm newborn

Answer 76

Any infant born after 42 weeks' gestation.

Question 77

Preterm infant

Answer 77

Any infant born before 38 weeks gestation.

Question 78

Small-for-gestational-age (SGA)

Answer 78

Inadequate weight or growth for gestational age; birth weight below the 10th percentile.

Question 79

Acute bilirubin encephalopathy (ABE)

Answer 79

Kernicterus; the yellow staining and degenerative lesions in basal ganglia associated with high levels of unconjugated bilirubin in infants.

Question 80

Cold stress

Answer 80

Excessive heat loss resulting in compensatory mechanisms (increased respirations and nonshivering thermogenesis) to maintain core body temperature.

Question 81

Erythroblastosis fetalis

Answer 81

Hemolytic disease of the newborn characterized by anemia, jaundice, enlargement of the liver and spleen, and generalized edema. Caused by isoimmunization due to Rh incompatibility or ABO compatibility.

Question 82

Hemolytic disease of the newborn

Answer 82

Hyperbilirubinemia secondary to Rh incompatibility.

Question 83

Hydrops fetalis

Answer 83

Hemolytic disease of the newborn characterized by anemia, jaundice, enlargement of the liver and spleen, and generalized edema. Caused by isoimmunization due to Rh incompatibility or ABO incompatibility. See also erythroblastosis fetalis.

Question 84

Hyperbilirubinemia

Answer 84

Excessive amount of bilirubin in the blood; indicative of hemolytic processes due to blood incompatibility, intrauterine infection, septicemia, neonatal renal infection, and other disorders.

Question 85

Hypoglycemia

Answer 85

Abnormally low level of sugar in the blood.

Question 86

Jaundice

Answer 86

Yellow pigmentation of body tissues caused by the presence of bile pigments. See also physiologic jaundice.

Question 87

Kernicterus

Answer 87

The yellow staining and degenerative lesions in basal ganglia associated with high levels of unconjugated bilirubin in infants. Also known as bilirubin encephalopathy.

Question 88

Meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS)

Answer 88

Respiratory disease of term, postterm, and SGA newborns caused by inhalation of meconium or meconium-stained amniotic fluid into the lungs; characterized by mild to severe respiratory distress, hyperexpansion of the chest, hyperinflated alveoli, and secondary atelectasis.

Question 89

Phototherapy

Answer 89

The treatment of jaundice by exposure to light.

Question 90

Physiologic anemia of infancy

Answer 90

A harmless condition in which the hemoglobin level drops in the first 6 to 12 weeks after birth, then reverts to normal levels.

Question 91

Respiratory distress syndrome

Answer 91

Respiratory disease of the newborn characterized by interference with ventilation at the alveolar level, thought to be caused by the presence of fibrinoid deposits lining the alveolar ducts. Formerly called hyaline membrane disease.