Obedience: Dispositional explanation

Question 1

Adorno wanted to understand…

Answer 1

the anti-Semitism of the Holocaust

Question 2

Adorno’s research led them to draw very similar/different conclusions to Milgram’s

Answer 2

different

Question 3

Adorno believed that a high level of obedience was…

Answer 3

a psychological disorder

Question 4

Adorno believed that the cause of high levels of obedience lie in…

Answer 4

the personality of the individual

Question 5

True/False: Adorno believed that the causes of high levels in obedience was due to situational factors

Answer 5

False, dispositional factors

Question 6

Who did Adorno study?

Answer 6

More than 2000 middle-class white Americans

Question 7

Adorno studied what about 2000 middle-class white Americans?

Answer 7

Their unconscious attitudes towards other racial groups

Question 8

What is the measurement scale developed by Adorno called?

Answer 8

F-scale

Question 9

What is the full name for the F-scale?

Answer 9

Potential-for-fascism

Question 10

What is the F-scale used to measure?

Answer 10

Potential-for-fascism / Authoritarian Personality

Question 11

True/False: “Obedience and respect for authority are the most important virtues for children to learn” is an example of an F-scale item

Answer 11

True

Question 12

What is “There is hardly anything lower than a person who doesn’t feel great love, gratitude and respect for his parents” an example of?

Answer 12

An F-scale item

Question 13

Adorno found that people with _____________ ________ identified with ‘strong’ people

Answer 13

authoritarian leanings

Question 14

Adorno found that people who scored high/low on the F-scale identified with ‘strong’ people

Answer 14

high

Question 15

True/False: Adorno found that people who scored low on the F-scale identified with ‘weak’ people

Answer 15

False: ‘strong’ people

Question 16

True/False: Adorno found that people who scored high on the F-scale were generally contemptuous of the ‘weak’

Answer 16

True

Question 17

Adorno found that people with authoritarian leanings were very conscious of what?

Answer 17

Status

Question 18

True/False: Adorno found that people who scored highly on the F-scale were very conscious of their own status, but not the status of others

Answer 18

False: their own and others

Question 19

True/False: People with authoritarian leanings showed extreme respect, deference and servility to those of higher status

Answer 19

True

Question 20

Showing extreme respect, deference and servility to those of higher status are traits of what?

Answer 20

Obedience

Question 21

What is meant by ‘cognitive style’?

Answer 21

Way of perceiving others

Question 22

Adorno found that authoritarian people had no ‘fuzziness’ between what?

Answer 22

Categories of people

Question 23

Adorno found that authoritarian people had no ‘fuzziness’ between categories of people because…

Answer 23

they had fixed distinctive stereotypes about other groups

Question 24

Adorno found that authoritarian people had no ‘fuzziness’ between categories of people, also known as…

Answer 24

‘black and white’ thinking

Question 25

There is a strong positive correlation between authoritarianism and p________

Answer 25

prejudice

Question 26

Adorno argued that people with what type of personality show an extreme respect for and submissiveness to authority?

Answer 26

Authoritarian personality

Question 27

Adorno argued that people with an authoritarian personality show an extreme respect for and submissiveness to what?

Answer 27

authority

Question 28

Adorno said that people with an authoritarian personality view society as weaker than it once was, so...

Answer 28

believe we need strong and powerful leaders to enforce traditional values such as love for country and family

Question 29

Give an example of a traditional value that someone with an authoritarian personality may want enforced

Answer 29

Love for country/family

Question 30

Adorno argued that people with an authoritarian personality view society as 'stronger'/'weaker' than it once was

Answer 30

'weaker'

Question 31

Adorno argued that people with an authoritarian personality view society as weaker than it once was, so we need what?

Answer 31

strong and powerful leaders

Question 32

Adorno argued that characteristics make people with an authoritarian personality more/less likely to obey orders from a source of authority

Answer 32

more

Question 33

Adorno suggested that people with an authoritarian personality show what for those of inferior social status?

Answer 33

contempt

Question 34

Adorno suggested that people with an authoritarian personality showed contempt for those of inferior social status, fuelled by...

Answer 34

their inflexible outlook on the world

Question 35

Adorno argued that for people with an authoritarian personality, there are no '____ areas' and everything is...

Answer 35

grey, either right or wrong and they are very uncomfortable with uncertainty

Question 36

Adorno argued that people with an authoritarian personality are very uncomfortable with u__________

Answer 36

uncertainty

Question 37

Adorno said that people with an authoritarian personality believe people who are 'other' are...

Answer 37

responsible for the ills of society

Question 38

When Adorno refers to people who are 'other' in the views of someone with an authoritarian personality, who does he mean?

Answer 38

People who are different - for example belonging to a different ethnic group

Question 39

Adorno suggested that who are convenient targets for authoritarians blaming people for being responsible for the ills of society?

Answer 39

'other' such as people who belong to a different ethnic group

Question 40

Authoritarians are likely to obey orders from authority figures, even when...

Answer 40

orders are destructive, as in Nazi Germany

Question 41

Adorno believed that authoritarian personalities form at what stage of a person's life?

Answer 41

Childhood

Question 42

Adorno believed that authoritarian personalities form mostly as a result of...

Answer 42

harsh parenting

Question 43

Adorno believed that authoritarian personalities form mostly as a result of harsh parenting, typically featuring...

Answer 43

extremely strict discipline

Question 44

Give 2 examples of extremely strict discipline within harsh parenting that Adorno suggested is likely to form an authoritarian personality

Answer 44

Any 2 from expectation of absolute loyalty, impossibly high standards and severe criticism of perceived failings

Question 45

"I will love you if..." is an example of what?

Answer 45

Conditional love

Question 46

Adorno suggested that harsh parenting is likely to form an authoritarian personality within a child, including parents giving conditional love. What does this mean?

Answer 46

Their love and affection for their child depends entirely on how he or she behaves. "I will love you if..."

Question 47

Adorno suggested that harsh parenting creates what in a child?

Answer 47

Resentment

Question 48

Although Adorno suggested that harsh parenting creates resentment in a child, the child cannot express these feelings directly against their parents because...

Answer 48

they feat punishment

Question 49

As a result of fear of punishment, how did Adorno suggest that children who are victims of harsh parenting and therefore develop an authoritarian personality express their feelings?

Answer 49

Their fears are displaced onto others who they perceive to be weaker - scapegoating

Question 50

Displacing your fears onto someone who you perceive to be weaker than you is a trait of an authoritarian personality. What is this called?

Answer 50

Scapegoating

Question 51

The fear of expressing feelings directly against your parents because of a fear of punishment and instead displacing them onto someone who you perceive as weaker explains authoritarian's hatred towards...

Answer 51

people considered to be socially inferior or who belong to other social groups

Question 52

Hatred towards people considered to be socially inferior or who belong to other social groups is a central feature of...

Answer 52

obedience to a higher authority

Question 53

True/False: The fear of expressing feelings directly against your parents because of a fear of punishment and instead displacing them onto someone who you perceive as weaker explains authoritarian's hatred towards people considered to be socially inferior. This is a humanistic explanation

Answer 53

False, a psychodynamic explanation

Question 54

True/False: Milgram's evidence supports the Authoritarian Personality

Answer 54

True

Question 55

Milgram interviewed a small sample of __ people who had participated in the original obedience studies and been fully obedient

Answer 55

20

Question 56

Milgram interviewed a small sample of __ people who had participated in what?

Answer 56

The original obedience studies

Question 57

Milgram interviewed a small sample of 20 people who had participated in the original obedience studies and been...

Answer 57

fully obedient

Question 58

In Milgram's interviews of a sample of people who had been fully obedient, he asked them to do what?

Answer 58

Complete the F-scale and other measures as part of the interview

Question 59

When Milgram interviewed people who were fully obedient and asked them to do the F-scale, he found that...

Answer 59

They scored significantly higher on the overall F-scale than a comparison group of 20 disobedient participants

Question 60

Milgram interviewed a group of 20 fully obedient participants and a group of 20 disobedient participants. The two groups were clearly quite similar/different in terms of authoritarianism

Answer 60

different

Question 61

Milgram's interviews of 20 fully obedient and 20 disobedient participants in his study supports Adorno et al/'s view that...

Answer 61

obedient people may well show similar characteristics to people who have an authoritarian personality

Question 62

Researchers analysed the individual subscales of the F-scale and found that obedient participants had a number of characteristics that were usual/unusual for authoritarians

Answer 62

unusual

Question 63

When researchers analysed the individual subscales of the F-scale, it was found that unlike authoritarians, Milgram's obedient participants generally did/didn't glorify their fathers

Answer 63

didn't

Question 64

When researchers analysed the individual subscales of the F-scale, it was found that unlike authoritarians, Milgram's obedient participants generally did/didn't experience unusual levels of punishment in childhood

Answer 64

didn't

Question 65

When researchers analysed the individual subscales of the F-scale, it was found that unlike authoritarians, Milgram's obedient participants generally did/didn't have particularly hostile attitudes towards their mothers

Answer 65

didn't

Question 66

The link between obedience and authoritarianism is simple/complex

Answer 66

complex

Question 67

When comparing Milgram's obedient participants and authoritarians, the obedient participants were similar/dissimilar to authoritarians in so m any ways

Answer 67

dissimilar

Question 68

When researchers analysed the individual subscales of the F-scale, they found that obedient participants in Milgram's study were unlike authoritarians in so many ways. This suggests that...

Answer 68

authoritarianism is unlikely to be a useful predictor of obedience

Question 69

The F-scale only measures the tendency towards an extreme form of what type of ideology?

Answer 69

Right-wing

Question 70

Researchers argued that the F-scale is a ___________-biased interpretation of authoritarian personality

Answer 70

politically

Question 71

How do researchers argue that the F-scale is a politically-biased interpretation of authoritarian personality?

Answer 71

They point out the reality of left-wing authoritarianism

Question 72

Why do extreme right-wing and left-wing ideologies have a lot in common?

Answer 72

Both emphasise the importance of complete obedience to political authority

Question 73

Why is Adorno's theory not a comprehensive dispositional explanation?

Answer 73

It doesn't account for obedience to authority across the whole political spectrum

Question 74

Authoritarian personality cannot explain obedient behaviour in the majority of...

Answer 74

a country's population

Question 75

In pre-war Germany, millions of individuals displayed what despite the fact they must have differed in their personalities in all sorts of ways?

Answer 75

Obedient, racist and anti-Semitic behaviour

Question 76

The fact that millions of individuals in pre-war Germany displayed obedient, racist and anti-Semitic behaviour despite the fact that they must have different in their personalities in many ways suggests that it is extremely unlikely that...

Answer 76

they could all possess an Authoritarian Personality

Question 77

What is an alternative explanation to the reason why so many people in pre-war Germany displayed obedient, racist and anti-Semitic behaviour?

Answer 77

The majority of German people identified with the anti-Semitic Nazi state and scapegoated the 'outgroup' of Jews - social identity theory approach

Question 78

The majority of German people identifying with the anti-Semitic Nazi state and scapegoating the 'outgroup' of Jews is an example of what?

Answer 78

Social identity theory approach

Question 79

Adorno's theory is limited because an alternative explanation is...

Answer 79

much more realistic