Resistance to Social Influence

Question 1

The pressure to conform can be resisted if there are other people present who are…

Answer 1

not conforming

Question 2

True/False: The pressure to conform can be resisted if there are other people present who are not conforming, even if they are not giving the ‘right’ answer

Answer 2

True

Question 3

What does someone else not following the majority enable naive participants to do?

Answer 3

Be free to follow their own conscience

Question 4

How do confederates act as a ‘model’ for independent behaviour?

Answer 4

Their dissent gives rise to more dissent because it shows that the majority is no longer unanimous

Question 5

Pressure to obey can be resisted if there is another person who…

Answer 5

is seen to disobey

Question 6

In Milgram’s variations, rate of obedience dropped from 65% to 10% when…

Answer 6

the genuine participant was joined by a disobedient confederate

Question 7

True/False: When there is a disobedient confederate, participants will always follow their behaviour

Answer 7

False: They may still be obedient or go against the majority without giving the same response as the confederate

Question 8

Confederates act as a ‘_____’ of dissent for participants to copy and free them to act from their own __________

Answer 8

model, conscience

Question 9

How does the disobedient model challenge the legitimacy of the authority figure?

Answer 9

It makes it easier to disobey

Question 10

What was Teen Fresh Start USA?

Answer 10

An eight-week programme to help pregnant adolescents aged 14-19 resist peer pressure to smoke

Question 11

How was social support provided in Teen Fresh Start USA?

Answer 11

Provided by a slightly older mentor or ‘buddy’

Question 12

What were the findings from the Teen Fresh Start USA research, regarding adolescents who had a ‘buddy’?

Answer 12

They were significantly less likely to smoke than a control group of participants who did not have a ‘buddy’

Question 13

What did the Teen Fresh Start USA experiment show?

Answer 13

Social support can help young people resist social influence in the real world

Question 14

In William Gamson et al.’s study, what were participants told to do?

Answer 14

Produce evidence that would help an oil company run a smear campaign

Question 15

William Gamson et al. found higher/lower levels of resistance than Milgram did in his study. Why?

Answer 15

Higher, probably because participants were in groups so could discuss what they were told to do

Question 16

In William Gamson et al.’s study, 88% of groups rebelled against their orders. What does this show?

Answer 16

Peer support can lead to disobedience by undermining legitimacy of an authority figure

Question 17

Who proposed locus of control as a concept concerned with internal control versus external control?

Answer 17

Julian Rotter

Question 18

What does having an internal LOC mean?

Answer 18

You believe that the things that happen to you are largely controlled by yourself

Question 19

If you do well in an exam it is because you worked hard, and if not then you didn’t work hard. What LOC is this an example of?

Answer 19

Internal

Question 20

What does having an external LOC mean?

Answer 20

You tend to believe the things that happen are outside of your control

Question 21

If you do well in an exam it is because of an excellent textbook, and if you failed you might blame it on the textbook or bad luck with the questions that were asked. What LOC is this an example of?

Answer 21

External

Question 22

True/False: People either have an internal of external locus of control

Answer 22

False, people are not just either internal or external

Question 23

Individuals may vary in their position on how much of an internal or external locus of control they have. This means that LOC is a…

Answer 23

scale

Question 24

In the LOC spectrum, what is on one end of the continuum and what is on the other?

Answer 24

High internal LOC is at one end and high external LOC on the other

Question 25

In the LOC spectrum, which two things lie in-between high internal and high external LOC, in the middle?

Answer 25

Low internal and low external LOC

Question 26

People with a ____ ________ LOC are more able to resist pressures to conform or obey

Answer 26

high internal

Question 27

If a person takes personal responsibility for their actions and experiences, they tend to base their decisions on...

Answer 27

their own beliefs rather than depending on the opinions of others

Question 28

People with a ____ ________ LOC tend to e more self-confident, more achievement-oriented and have higher intelligence

Answer 28

high internal

Question 29

Self-confident, achievement-orientated and high intelligence are traits that lead to _______ resistance to social influence

Answer 29

greater

Question 30

Self-confident, achievement-orientated and high intelligence are characteristics of leaders, who have much less need for what than followers?

Answer 30

Social approval

Question 31

When Milgram's baseline study was repeated and measured whether participants were internals or externals, 37% of internals...

Answer 31

did not continue to the highest shock level

Question 32

When Milgram's baseline study was repeated and measured whether participants were internals or externals, internals showed no/some/greater resistance to authority

Answer 32

some

Question 33

When Milgram's baseline study was repeated and measured whether participants were internals or externals, externals showed no/some/greater resistance to authority

Answer 33

greater

Question 34

When Milgram's baseline study was repeated and measured whether participants were internals or externals, __% of internals did not continue to the highest shock level

Answer 34

37

Question 35

What does the replication of Milgram's baseline study measuring whether participants were internals or externals show?

Answer 35

Resistance is at least partly related to LOC, increasing its validity as an explanation of disobedience

Question 36

When data from American locus of control studies over a 40 year period was analysed, data showed that...

Answer 36

over this time people became more resistant to obedience ut also more external

Question 37

If resistance is linked to an internal locus of control, we would expect people becoming more resistant to obedience would correlate with a trend of people becoming more ________

Answer 37

internal

Question 38

"Data showed that over a 40-year period people became more resistant to obedience but also more external." What does this suggest about locus of control?

Answer 38

It is not a valid explanation of how people resist social influence