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A & P > objective 4 pt 1 > Flashcards

objective 4 pt 1 Flashcards

1
Q

the delivery system that begins and ends at heart
works with lymphatic system to circulate fluids

A

blood vessels

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2
Q

carry blood away from heart; carry oxygenated blood except for pulmonary artery and umbilical vessels of fetus

A

arteries

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3
Q

site of gas exchange; directly serve cellular needs; connect arteries and veins

A

capillaries

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4
Q

carry blood toward heart; carry deoxygenated except for pulmonary veins and umbilical vessels of fetus

A

veins

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5
Q

central blood-containing space, surrounded by a wall

A

lumen

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6
Q

what are the 3 layers of tunics of a vessel?

A

tunica intima
tunica media
tunica externa

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7
Q

Innermost layer that is in “intimate” contact with blood
– Contains endothelium which is found in lumen of all
vessels
– Endothelium is continuous with endocardium
– Its slick surface reduces friction

A

tunica intima

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8
Q

Middle layer
– mostly smooth muscle and sheets of elastin
– Innervated by Sympathetic nervous system, controlling:
– Bulkiest layer responsible for maintaining blood flow
and blood pressure

A

tunica media

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9
Q

Outermost layer
– Also called
tunica adventitia
– Composed mostly of loose collagen fibers that protect
and reinforce vessel wall and anchor it to surrounding
structures
– Infiltrated with nerve fibers & lymphatic vessels
– Large veins also contain elastic fibers in this layer

A

tunica externa

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10
Q

decreased lumen diameter

A

vasoconstriction

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11
Q

increased lumen diameter

A

vasodilation

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12
Q

system of tiny blood vessels found in
larger vessels
– Function to nourish outermost external layer

A

vasa vasorum

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13
Q

what are the 3 groups of arteries?

A

elastic arteries
muscular arteries
arterioles

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14
Q

large arteries close to heart
◦ Aorta and its major branches
◦ conducting arteries because they conduct blood from
heart to medium sized vessels
} Contains elastin
} Contains smooth muscle, but inactive in
vasoconstriction
} Act as pressure reservoirs that expand and recoil
as blood is ejected from heart
◦ Allows for continuous blood flow downstream even
between heartbeats

A

elastic arteries

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15
Q

Elastic arteries give rise to muscular arteries
}
distributing arteries because they deliver blood to
body organs
} Account for most of named arteries
} Have thickest tunica media with more smooth
muscle
} less elastic tissue
◦ Tunica media sandwiched between
elastic
membranes
} Active in vasoconstriction

A

muscular arteries

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16
Q

smallest of all arteries
◦ Various sizes
◦ Regulate flow into capillary beds via vasodilation
and vasoconstriction of smooth muscle
◦ resistance arteries because changing diameters of
lumens changes resistance to blood flow
◦ Lead to capillary beds

A

arterioles

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17
Q

Smallest of 3 types of blood vessels
} Microscopic; diameters so small only single
RBC can pass through at a time
} Strategically placed pericytes
} Walls have only a thin tunica intima
} Supply almost every cell, except for cartilage,
epithelia, cornea, and lens of eye

A

capillaries

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18
Q

what is the function of capillaries?

A

exchange of gases, nutrients,
wastes, hormones, etc., between blood and
interstitial fluid

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19
Q

what are the 3 types of capillaries?

A

continuous capillaries
fenestrated capillary
sinusoidal capillaries

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20
Q

Abundant in skin, muscles, lungs, and CNS
– Continuous capillaries of brain are unique
– Form blood brain barrier
– Least permeable as they lack pores
– Often have pericytes

A

continuous capillaries

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21
Q

Found in areas involved in active filtration (kidneys),
absorption (intestines), or endocrine hormone
secretion
– Endothelial cells contain Swiss cheese–like pores called
(
fenestrations) to promote permeability
– Moderate permeability

A

fenestrated capillary

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22
Q

Most permeable of the capillaries
– Fenestrated with larger clefts; incomplete basement
membrane
– Found only in the liver, bone marrow, spleen, and
adrenal medulla
– Blood flow is sluggish—allows time for modification of large
molecules and blood cells that pass between blood and tissue
– Contain macrophages in lining to capture and destroy
foreign invaders

A

sinusoidal capillaries

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23
Q

interwoven network of capillaries between arterioles and venules

A

capillary bed

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24
Q

smallest form of artery

A

arteriole

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25
Q

smallest form of vein

A

venule

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26
Q

flow of blood through capillary bed

A

microcirculation

27
Q

carry blood from capillary bed
toward the heart
} Contains valves
} Formation begins when capillary beds unite in venules
and merge into larger and larger ______

A

veins

28
Q

Smallest form of a vein
– Very porous; allow fluids and WBCs into tissues
– Large venules have one or two layers of smooth
muscle cells

A

venules

29
Q

Have all 3 tunics, but thinner walls with large
lumens compared to arteries
} Tunica media is thin, contains little smooth muscle
or elastin
} Tunica externa is thick, contains collagen fibers
and elastic networks
} Large lumen and thin walls make veins good
storage vessels (contain upto 65% of blood supply)

A

veins

30
Q

prevent backflow of blood
most abundent in veins of limbs

A

venous valves

31
Q

Flattened veins with extremely thin walls
– Composed only of endothelium

A

venous sinuses

32
Q

diameter lumens offer little resistance so this ensures blood
returns to heart at same rate it was pumped into circulation

A

large

33
Q

interconnections between
blood vessels the provide alternate channels for
blood flow

A

vascular anastomoses

34
Q

provide alternate pathways
even if one artery is blocked
◦ Common in joints, abdominal organs, brain, and
heart; none in retina, kidneys, spleen

A

arterial anatomoses

35
Q

shunts in
capillaries

A

arteriovenous anastomoses

36
Q

so abundant that
occluded veins rarely block blood flow

A

venous anastomoses

37
Q

volume of blood flowing through
vessel, organ, or entire circulation in given
period
◦ Measured in ml/min, it is equivalent to cardiac output
(CO)
◦ relatively constant when at rest, but at any given
moment, varies at individual organ level, based on
needs

A

blood flow

38
Q

force per unit area
exerted on wall of blood vessel by blood
◦ Expressed in mm Hg
◦ Pressure gradient provides driving force that keeps
blood moving from higher- to lower-pressure areas

A

blood pressure

39
Q

opposition
to flow
◦ Measurement of amount of friction blood
encounters within vessel walls, generally in
systemic circulation

A

resistance (peripheral resistance)

40
Q

what are the 3 most important sources of resistance?

A

Blood viscosity
– Blood vessel length
– Blood vessel diameter

41
Q

The thickness or “stickiness” of blood due to formed
elements and plasma proteins
– The greater the viscosity, the less easily molecules are
able to slide past each other
– Increased viscosity equals increased resistance

A

blood viscosity

42
Q

The longer the vessel, the greater the resistance
encountered

A

total blood vessel legnth

43
Q

Has greatest influence on resistance
– Frequent changes alter resistance
– Viscosity and blood vessel length are generally constant
– Resistance varies inversely with vessel diameter
– If diameter of a vessel increases, resistance decreases, and
vice-versa

A

blood vessel diameter

44
Q

diameter arterioles are major determinants of
resistance as diameter changes frequently, in contrast
to larger arteries that do not change often

A

small

45
Q

Pumping action of heart generates blood flow
} Pressure results when flow is opposed by
resistance
} Systemic pressure is highest in aorta and
declines throughout pathway
◦ Steepest drop occurs in arterioles, where resistance
is greatest

A

systemic blood pressure

46
Q

what is arterial blood pressure determined by?

A

Elasticity (
compliance or
distensibility) of arteries
close to heart
2. Volume of blood forced into them at any time

47
Q

rises and falls with each heartbeat

A

pulsatile

48
Q

pressure exerted in aorta
during ventricular contraction
◦ Left ventricle pumps blood into aorta, that stretches
aorta
◦ Averages 120 mm Hg in normal adult

A

systolic pressure

49
Q

when heart is at rest

A

diastolic pressure

50
Q

difference between systolic and
diastolic pressure (systolic – diastolic)

A

pulse pressure

51
Q

throbbing of arteries due to difference in
pulse pressures, which can be felt under skin

A

pulse

52
Q

pressure that
keeps blood moving throughout the cardiac cycle

A

mean arterial pressure

53
Q

pulse and blood pressure, along with
respiratory rate and body temperature

A

vital signs

54
Q

most common

A

radial pulse

55
Q

areas where arteries are close to body surface

A

pulse points

56
Q

less than 120mmHg
Pressure when sounds first occur as blood starts to
spurt through artery

A

systolic pressure

57
Q

less than 80 mmHg
Pressure when sounds disappear because artery is no
longer constricted, blood is flowing freely

A

diastolic pressure

58
Q

Changes little during cardiac cycle
} Important for return flow to heart and CO
} Small pressure gradient, only about 15 mm Hg
◦ If vein is cut, low pressure of venous system
causes blood to flow out smoothly
◦ If artery cut, blood spurts out because pressure is
higher
} Low pressure is due to resistance
} Non-pulsatile
} Low pressure of venous side requires
adaptations to help with venous return

A

venous blood pressure

59
Q

what are the factors that aid venous return?

A

muscular
respiratory
sympathetic venoconstriction

60
Q

contraction of skeletal
muscles “milks” blood back toward heart;
valves prevent backflow

A

muscular

61
Q

pressure changes during
breathing move blood toward heart by
squeezing abdominal veins as thoracic veins
expand

A

respiratoru

62
Q

under
sympathetic control, smooth muscles constrict,
pushing blood back toward heart

A

sympathetic venoconstrictionn

63
Q

what are the 3 main factors regulating BP?

A

cardiac output
peripheral resistance
blood volume

64
Q

what can factors of BP be affected by?

A

neural controls
hormonal controls
renal controls

A & P (21 decks)

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