objective 6

Question 1

the body’s reaction to any change that requires a response

Answer 1

stress

Question 2

psychological or physical stimuli that are incompatible with current functioning and require adaptation

Answer 2

stressor

Question 3

a way the mind responds to events that are challenging or threatening

Answer 3

coping

Question 4

ability of human being to percieve reality and respond to it

Answer 4

adaptation

Question 5

ineffective coping

Answer 5

maladaptation

Question 6

what are the physiological sources of stress?

Answer 6

Environmental conditions such as cold, trauma, excessive heat
* Physical conditions such as infection, hemorrhage, hunger, or pain

Question 7

what are the psychological sources of stress?

Answer 7

Exemplified by divorce, job loss, unmanageable debt, death of a
loved one, retirement, marriage, unexpected success

Question 8

what are the mediators of stress response

Answer 8

stressors
perception
personality
social support
culture
spirituality and religious beliefs

Question 9

what are Selye’s 3 stages of reaction to stress

Answer 9

alarm or acute stress stage
resistance or adaptation stage
exhaustion stage

Question 10

body prepares for situation that individual perceives as threat

Answer 10

alarm or acute stress stage

Question 11

person continues to use sources of energy to adapt to the stressor

Answer 11

resistance or adaptation stage

Question 12

total expenditure of energy

Answer 12

exhaustion stage

Question 13

Walter Cannon
* Body prepares for situation that individual perceives as threat to survival
* New research indicates that men and women have different neural responses
to stress

Answer 13

flight-or-flight response

Question 14

Serotonin synthesis more active
* May impair serotonin receptor sites and brain’s ability to use serotonin

Answer 14

neurotransmitter stress response

Question 15

Interaction between nervous system and immune system during alarm phase of GAS
* Negatively affects body’s ability to produce protective factors

Answer 15

immune stress response

Question 16

what are the approaches to stress management?

Answer 16

measuring stress
assessing coping stress

Question 17

Tools i.e. Recent Life Changes Questionnaire (Table 5.2) or Perceived
Stress Scale (Figure 5.4)

Answer 17

measuring stress

Question 18

Social readjustment rating scale (Holmes and Rahe, 1967, 1978, 1997)
* Measures level of positive and negative stressful life events over a 1-
year period

Answer 18

assessing coping styles

Question 19

how do you manage stress through relaxation techniques?

Answer 19

Deep breathing exercises (Box 5.4)
* Progressive muscle relaxation
* Relaxation response (Box 5.2)
* Reduction of caffeine
* Meditation
* Guided imagery (Box 5.3)
Biofeedback
* Physical exercise and outdoor activity
* Mindfulness
* Cognitive reframing
* Journaling
* Humour

Question 20

Profound disruption of normal psychological homeostasis
* Normal coping mechanisms fail
* Results in inability to function as usual
* Acute and time-limited

Answer 20

crisis

Question 21

what do outcomes of crisis depend on?

Answer 21

Realistic perception of the event
* Adequate situational supports
* Crisis intervention
* Adequate coping mechanisms

Question 22

New developmental stage is reached
* Old coping skills no longer effective
* Leads to increased tension and anxiety

Answer 22

maturational crisis

Question 23

Arise from events that are
* Extraordinary
* External
* Often unanticipated

Answer 23

situational crisis

Question 24

Unplanned and accidental
* Natural disaster
* National disaster
* Crime of violence

Answer 24

adventitious crisis

Question 25

Conflict or problem * Self-concept threatened * Increased anxiety * Use of problem-solving techniques and defense mechanisms * Resolve conflict or problem * Reduce anxiety

Answer 25

phase 1 (crisis)

Question 26

Defense mechanisms fail * Threat persists * Anxiety increases * Feelings of extreme discomfort * Functioning disorganized * Trial-and-error attempt to solve problem and restore normal balance

Answer 26

phase 2 (crisis)

Question 27

Trial-and-error attempts fail * Anxiety can escalate to severe level or panic * Automatic relief behaviours mobilized (i.e., withdrawal and flight) * Some form of resolution may be devised (i.e., compromising needs or redefining situation)

Answer 27

phase 3 (crisis)

Question 28

Problem is unsolved and coping skills are ineffective * Overwhelming anxiety * Possible serious personality disorganization, depression, confusion, violence against others, or suicidal behaviour

Answer 28

phase 4 (crisis)

Question 29

General assessment * Assess the patient's potential for suicide/homicide * Assess the patient’s perception of precipitating event * Assess the patient’s situational supports * Assess the patient’s personal coping skills * Self-assessment

Answer 29

assessment

Question 30

ineffective coping, risk for suicide

Answer 30

diagnosis

Question 31

Crisis intervention i.e. mobile crisis units, victim outreach, crisis line, etc

Answer 31

planning

Question 32

Basic level * Patient safety * Anxiety reduction

Answer 32

implementation

Question 33

Primary care * Secondary care * Tertiary care

Answer 33

psychotherapeutic crisis intervention