observational techniques Flashcards
(25 cards)
What is observation in psychology?
A non-experimental method for studying behavior without asking participants directly.
What is the main advantage of observation over self-report methods?
It allows researchers to see what people actually do rather than what they say they do.
What is a dependent variable?
A variable that is measured to assess the effect of another variable.
What are naturalistic observations?
Observations that take place in the natural setting where the target behavior would normally occur.
Why might a lab setting be less suitable than a naturalistic setting?
Because it may not reflect the normal environment where the behavior usually occurs.
What is a controlled observation?
An observation conducted in a controlled environment where variables can be manipulated.
What is the Strange Situation study an example of?
A controlled observation.
What is a two-way mirror used for in controlled observations?
To observe participants without disturbing their behavior.
What are confounding/extraneous variables?
Variables that can affect the results of an observation but are not the variables being studied.
What are covert observations?
Observations where participants are unaware they are being observed.
Give an example of covert observation.
Observing children from behind a bush.
What are overt observations?
Observations where participants know they are being observed and have given consent.
What are participant observations?
When the observer becomes part of the group being studied.
What is a non-participant observation?
When the researcher remains separate from the group being studied.
Why might non-participant observation be chosen?
To avoid influencing the group or when participation is not possible.
What is observer bias?
When the observer’s interpretation of behavior is influenced by their own expectations or beliefs.
What is a limitation of observational studies?
They cannot demonstrate causal relationships.
What is external validity?
The extent to which findings can be generalized to real-life settings.
Why do naturalistic observations have high external validity?
Because behavior is studied in its normal environment.
What is replication in observational studies?
Repeating the study to see if the same results are found.
What is demand characteristics?
When participants change their behavior because they know they are being observed.
How does covert observation affect internal validity?
It increases internal validity because behavior is more natural.
What is an ethical concern with covert observation?
Participants are observed without their knowledge or consent.
What is a benefit of participant observation?
The researcher gains first-hand insight into the group.
