OCAT #2 Flashcards
(160 cards)
1
Q
Genetic information contained within the cell nucleus.
A
DNA
2
Q
Molecules that bind to inactive receptors, but only cause conformation changes in some of the receptors. Shifts the equilibrium towards the inactive receptors.
A
partial inverse agonist
3
Q
The positively charged end group of an amino acid.
A
amine (group), N-terminus
4
Q
The addition of a poly A tail to a mRNA.
A
polyadenylation
5
Q
Unit of time of sedimentation of ultracentrifugation.
A
svedberg
6
Q
A protein that help with transduction of the message from extracellular to intracellular messengers.
A
g-protein
7
Q
A complex made up of pol II and transcription factors,. Used for initializing and transcribing DNA into RNA.
A
initiation complex
8
Q
An organelle present in the cytosol and the endoplasmic reticulum that translates RNA sequences into polypeptides.
A
ribosome
9
Q
A model of Golgi function that dictates that protein form cis-medial-trans complexes with the apparatus as it is being processed.
A
cisternal maturation model
10
Q
A second messenger used in many transduction pathways, synthesized by adenylate cyclase.
A
cyclic AMP (cAMP)
11
Q
A single ringed pyrimidine found only in DNA; see nucleobases.
A
thymine
12
Q
Proteins that had sugar groups added to it.
A
glycoprotein
13
Q
Segments of DNA that is capable of controlling the rate of gene expression with the binding of repressors and activators.
A
regulatory sequences
14
Q
Occupation of a single receptor by an agonist leads to a response.
A
pharmacological agonism
15
Q
Completion of transcription. Splicing and polyadenylation occurs.
A
termination (transcription)
16
Q
A cascade of subsequent kinase reactions that amplifies the signal down the cascade.
A
amplification cascade
17
Q
Messenger with a fast OFF rate and a low affinity.
A
neurotransmitter
18
Q
A receptor that transduces a message using g-proteins.
A
g-protein coupled receptor (GPCR)
19
Q
Transmission and amplification of intercellular cell signals into intracellular signals, causing an effect.
A
transduction
20
Q
Nitrogenous bases in DNA and RNA; adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine, and uracil.
A
nucleobase
21
Q
Segments in the mature mRNA/original DNA that codes for amino acid sequences.
A
exon
22
Q
A protein that binds to the enhancer region that increase the rate of transcription.
A
activator
23
Q
Found on rough ER, make proteins heading for outside of membrane or onto the membrane.
A
membrane bound ribosomes
24
Q
Removal of the non-coding intron regions in RNA transcripts, leaving only exons behind.
A
splicing
25
C-terminus region signal used for sorting by the Golgi.
retention signals
26
Randomness.
stochastic
27
A nucleoside (a nucleobase attached to a sugar molecule) attached to one or more phosphate groups.
nucleotide
28
Binding of both lights at different sites.
allosteric
29
First step of gene expression, the process that converts DNA into mRNA.
transcription
30
A region upstream from the encoding gene, where transcription factors and RNA polymerase bind.
core promoter (sequence)
31
An initiation protein that help the ribosome to seek out the five-prime cap on the mRNA to initiate translation.
eIF4E
32
Proposed by AJ Clark, uses the “empty chair” model. Action/response level of the drug is totally dependent on the number/proportion of receptors that are occupied by messenger molecules. Max. response is obtained when all receptors had been occupied.
classical receptor theory
33
More complex folding of the protein caused by polarity, ionic bonding, disulphide crosslinks, etc. Polar side chains tend to fold outwards, while non-polar side chains tend to fold inwards.
tertiary structure
34
RNA seperation method.
northern blot
35
An enzyme that undergo reversible phosphorylation to transmit and amplify signals.
protein kinase
36
Proteins that re-fold cytosolic proteins.
chaperone proteins
37
Cutting of proteins
cleavage
38
Occupation of a single receptor by an antagonist interferes with that response.
pharmacological antagonism
39
An enzyme that adds negative acetyl groups to the positively charged histones, decreasing its positive charge. The chromatin relaxes and elongates, allow the transcription proteins to access the DNA easier, speeding up transcription.
histone acetyltransferase (HATs)
40
Parasites (like virus) that cannot reproduce outside
obligate intracellular parasites
41
A straw-like lever used in early organ bath setups.
straw lever
42
A protein that controls the rate of transcription by binding to specific DNA sequences.
transcription factors
43
Two receptors, with two agonists. Agonists produce opposite effects.
physiological antagonism
44
A processed transcript that had underwent processing. Introns are spliced, and 5’ caps and poly-A tails are added.
mature mRNA
45
A medium sized virus without a lipid coat, contains DNA that are injected into the human genome. Infect respiratory tracks.
adenovirus
46
Measure of the drug activity expressed in the amt. required to reach EC50.
potency
47
An enzyme present in retroviruses that converts its RNA information back to DNA in order to integrate the DNA into the host cell’s DNA.
reverse transcriptase
48
tRNAs add amino acids to the polypeptide chain.
elongation (translation)
49
A device that converts contractions to electrical signals in modern organ bath setups.
force displacement transducer
50
A DNA and protein complex that packages long DNA molecules into denser forms.
chromatin
51
Naturally synthesized amino acids.
proteinogenic AA
52
An enzyme that breaks down cAMP molecules.
phosphodiesterase (PDE)
53
Molecules that bind to receptors, but only initiates a weakened response.
partial agonist
54
Double ringed nucleobases.
purine
55
A three part protein structure (g-protein).
trimeric
56
Carries an amino acid and an anticodon, used to translate codons into amino acids.
transfer RNA (tRNA)
57
A secondary intracellular messenger that transports and amplifies an incoming message in the transduction pathway.
second messenger
58
Structure of the polypeptide that is determined by the sequence of amino acids.
primary structure
59
Combination of multiple polypeptide subunits to create a protein.
quaternary structure
60
Number of same polypeptide complexes in a quaternary structure, more than 20 is referred to as a “#-mer”.
dimers, trimers, tetramers…
61
cytosol ribosome —\> ER for packaging into vesicles —\> Golgi apparatus for sorting
biosynthetic-secretory pathway
62
A type of virus that uses reverse transcriptase to incorporate its RNA information into the host cell’s DNA.
retrovirus
63
A graph of molecular concentration vs. the response level.
concentration-response curve
64
An enzyme that removes acetyl groups from the histone, increasing the histone’s positive charge. The chromatin becomes shorter and tighter, making it more difficult for the the transcription proteins to access the DNA, slowing down transcription.
histone deacetylase (HDAC)
65
AKA messenger molecules.
ligand/mediator
66
Found in cytosol, make proteins that are used only within the cell.
free ribosomes
67
Slow protein synthesis.
eukaryote protein synthesis speed
68
DNA seperation method.
southern blot
69
The last phase of the Golgi complex that send the protein to its intended destination.
trans-golgi
70
A protein that binds to the silencer region that decrease the rate of transcription.
repressor
71
Chemical bonds formed between two or more amino acids.
peptide bond
72
When the on rate and off rate equalizes; the same amount of drug is bonded to the receptor at any time.
equilibrium
73
The negatively charged end group of an amino acid.
carboxylic acid (group), C-terminus
74
A change in conformation of a receptor protein after the binding of ligands.
conformational change
75
Proteins that help to detach the translated polypeptide chain from the ribosome after the ribosome had reached the stop codon.
termination proteins (eRF)
76
An unprocessed transcript that still has its introns and does not have a poly-A tail.
precursor RNA (pre-RNA)
77
Orthosteric interaction. An antagonist that competes with agonists for receptor binding active sites.
competitive/reversible/surmountable antagonist
78
Addition of a methyl group to a polypeptide.
methylation
79
A small portion of proteins are capable of functioning even without ligand binding due to random changes in their conformation.
constitutive activity
80
Messenger molecule added from the outside
exogenous
81
A molecule that binds to a receptor and elicits a response.
agonist
82
Full response when only a small fraction of receptors are occupied.
spare receptors
83
Folding and shaping of the polypeptide that is caused by hydrogen bonding between the N and C terminus of amino acids. Examples are alpha-helix and beta-pleated sheets.
secondary structure
84
Single ringed nucleobases.
pyrimidine
85
A single ringed pyrimidine found only in RNA; see nucleobases.
uracil
86
A type of promotor sequence that allows the binding of TFIId.
TATA (sequence)
87
Addition of an acyl group to a polypeptide.
acylation
88
Addition of a sugar molecule to the translated polypeptide.
glycosylation (translation)
89
Attachment of methyl groups to cytosine in promoter region to repress transcription.
DNA methylation
90
Antibody tags that can be observed using light microscopy or fluorescence microscopy.
immunohistochemistry
91
Proteins that assist the ribosome in elongating the polypeptide chain.
elongation proteins (eEFs)
92
Positively charged proteins that help coil the DNA strands into nucleosomes.
histone
93
An energy molecule used to activate adenylyl cyclase.
guanosine triphosphate (GTP)
94
DNA unwinds and pol II adds nucleotides in the 5’ —\> 3’ direction.
elongation (transcription)
95
A biological molecule made up of repeating subunits.
biopolymer
96
Misfolded proteins that can misfold normal proteins.
prion
97
Molecules that bind to inactive receptors and cause a conformation change, shifting the equilibrium towards the inactive receptors.
full inverse agonist
98
Non-coding segments in the precursor RNA transcript/original DNA that is spliced.
intron
99
A long chain of amino acids, bonded via peptide bonds.
polypeptide
100
Subunits of kinases that detach to activate other kinases upon activation.
catalytic units
101
A dictation of the flow of genetic information, from DNA —\> RNA —\> Peptides using transcription and translation.
central dogma
102
Molecules that bind to receptors and initiates a full response.
full agonist
103
A model of GPCR function that consists of 3 units: the agonist, the receptor and the g-protein.
ternary complex model
104
Binding of RNA polymerase onto the promoter sequence.
initiation (transcription)
105
Full response absent even with all receptors occupied.
partial agonism
106
Genetic information that is usually found outside of the nucleus. Contains uracil instead of thymine.
RNA
107
Regions of the regulatory sequence that allow the binding of repressors to decrease the rate of transcription.
silencer
108
The same allosteric modulator can have different effects depending on the agonist.
probe dependence
109
Binding of mRNA to the ribosome.
initiation (translation)
110
A measure of the potency of messenger molecules; the concentration of messenger molecules when 50% efficacy had been reached.
EC50
111
A three nucleobase sequence that matches to a codon.
anticodon
112
An enzyme that produces cAMP from ATP molecules.
adenylyl (adenylate) cyclase
113
A double ringed purine; see nucleobases.
adenine
114
N-terminus region signals protein half-life and destination organelle.
targeting & survival signals
115
A molecule that binds to a receptor and does not elicit a response.
antagonist
116
A protein that binds to the TATA region of the promoter, and trigger the binding of pol II and transcription.
transcription factor II D (TFIID)
117
A double ringed purine; see nucleobases.
guanine
118
Ribosome reaches a stop codon and stop translation.
termination (translation)
119
Messenger RNA; a copy of the DNA information that is sent out of the nucleus.
mRNA
120
Protein’s ability to change its conformation depending on the energy/molecules available and by random chance.
protein malleability
121
A protein that accepts an incoming messenger molecule and translates it into intracellular messages.
receptor
122
Positively charged amino acids on histone proteins that attracts the negatively charged ribose backbone on the DNA strands.
lysine
123
Non-coding regions surrounding the reading frame of the mRNA on both sides. The length can control translation efficiency.
untranslated region (UTR)
124
A sequence of three DNA/RNA nucleotides that corresponds with an amino acid or a stop signal during translation.
codon
125
Orthosteric interaction. An antagonist that binds to a receptor’s active site covalently, disabling it indefinitely.
noncompetitive/irreversible/nonsurmountable antagonist
126
Ability to bind to receptors.
affinity
127
Number of different polypeptide complexes in a quaternary structure, more than 20 is referred to as a “hetero-#-mer”.
heterodimers, heterotrimers, heterotetramers…
128
A single ringed pyrimidine; see nucleobases.
cytosine
129
An essential component of ribosomes.
ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
130
Separation of substances based on surface area by spinning the substances at extremely fast speeds.
ultracentrifugation
131
Regions of the regulatory sequence that allow the binding of activators to increase the rate of transcription.
enhancer
132
Second step of gene expression, the process that manufactures polypeptides from mRNA.
translation
133
The medial Golgi complex that is formed while the Golgi apparatus packages the protein.
medial-golgi
134
When an allosteric modulator enhances agonist response.
potentiation response
135
Messenger molecule produced within the cell
endogenous
136
An altered nucleotide on the 5’ end of RNA transcripts.
five-prime cap (5’)
137
A nucleobase attached to a sugar molecule.
nucleoside
138
A thread-like DNA structure in the nucleus that carries genetic information.
chromosome
139
Fast protein synthesis.
prokaryote protein synthesis speed
140
Subunits of kinases that contain activation sites.
regulatory units
141
Broad spectrum antibiotics that binds inversely to 30s subunits and disable prokaryotic cells.
tetracycline
142
Processed polypeptides that perform functions throughout the body.
protein
143
An antagonist that behaves like an irreversible antagonist but do not form a covalent bond. It is simply slower at dissociation.
pseudo-irreversible
144
The “equilibrium law”.
law of mass action
145
An enzyme that cleaves nucleotides from DNA or RNA, used for splicing.
exonuclease
146
Ability to produce a response.
efficacy
147
A segment at the end of mRNA transcripts that contain only adenine bases.
poly-a tail
148
Protein seperation method that involves immunohistochemistry.
western blot
149
Proteins that assist with the initiation of the translation process.
initiation proteins (eIFs)
150
Regions of DNA that initiates transcription.
promoter
151
A protein that transcripts DNA into pre-mRNA.
RNA polymerase
152
A subunit of chromatin made up of DNA wrapped around histone proteins.
nucleosome
153
Binding of both ligands at one site.
orthosteric
154
The internal section of GPCR that binds to the g-proteins.
GPCR bridge
155
Addition of the five-prime cap, happens during transcription.
capping
156
When an allosteric modulator inhibits agonist response.
inhibition response
157
A parasite that replicates by injecting its RNA into cells, and hijacks the cell’s manufacturing mechanisms to replicate itself.
virus
158
Transducer constant, practical measure of efficacy.Affected by efficiencies of the intracellular transduction pathway.
tau
159
Parallel processing; more than 1 ribosome attached to mRNA at a time, mRNA become circular.
polysomes/polyribosome/ergosomes
160
The initial Golgi complex that is formed with the Golgi apparatus and the protein.
cis-golgi
