OCAT 4 Flashcards
(152 cards)
1
Q
COX?
A
Cyclo-oxygenase
2
Q
Drug that uses prostaglandins to cause uterine contraction. Used in early abortion pills.
A
Misopristol
3
Q
Produced as needed, lipophilllic messenger molecules
A
Prostaglandins
4
Q
The abortion pill
A
Mifepristone / RU-486
5
Q
Enzyme, constitutive. converts spidyboi into prostanoids
A
COX-1
6
Q
Enzyme, Induced activity, has active site that can be selectively inhibitied. involved in inflammation
A
COX-2
7
Q
Lipoxygenases
A
LOX
8
Q
drug used to treat glaucoma
A
travoprost
9
Q
corticosteroid, used in eye drops
A
Prednisolone
10
Q
derived from AA
A
Endocannabinoids
11
Q
“blissful” molecule. prefers CB1
A
Anandamide
12
Q
Cannabinoid 1 receptors, primarily in the brain. GPCR
A
CB1 receptor
13
Q
cannabinoid 2 receptor, peripheral. GPCR
A
CB2 receptor
14
Q
Endocans are produced in POST SYNAPTIC cells, inhibits transmission of presynaptic neuron. Calms the system
A
Retrograde signalling
15
Q
Relieves pain. Inhibits COX (major) Blocks anandamide reuptake (minor).
A
Acetaminophen/Paracetamol
16
Q
together they will cause smooth muscle relaxation.
A
Nitric Oxide (NO) + ACH
17
Q
small molecules of gas, produced endogenously in mammalian cells
A
Gasotransmitters
18
Q
neuronal NOS. regulates Ca, fount in neurons + skeletal muscle.
A
nNOS
19
Q
inducible NOS. doesnt regulate Ca. In macrophages and smooth muscle cell
A
iNOS
20
Q
Endothelial NOS. Regulates Ca+. Found in endothelial cells and neurons
A
eNOS
21
Q
Nitric oxide synthases
A
NOS
22
Q
endotoxin causes iNOS activation. the NO then causes vasodialation. Makes you more likely to die
A
Septic Shock
23
Q
Chest Pain, can be treated w NO.
A
Angina
24
Q
Using light to observe microscopic samples
A
optical/light microscopy
25
Using wavelengths of light to stimulate fluorescence in the sample to observe specific structures
fluorescence microscopy
26
Antibody with fluorescent dye binds directly to structures
direct immunofluorescence
27
Antibody specific to the antigen binds first, then a secondary fluorescence antibody binds to the primary antibody
indirect immunofluorescence
28
A protein that fluoresces green. The gene can be inserted into protein genome to mark protein
green fluorescent protein (GFP)
29
A microscopy technique that adds depth information to fluorescence microscopy
confocal fluorescence microscopy
30
An electron microscopy technique that shows a cross section of the sample
transmission electron microscopy
31
An electron microscopy technique that shows surface topography of the sample
scanning electron microscopy
32
An umbrella term used to describe techniques that seperates the components of a cell, whilst preserving component functions
subcellular fractionation
33
A subcellular fractionation technique. Centrifugation performed on a sample using varying speeds. Large particles are seperated at low speeds, with smaller particles seperating at higher speeds
differential centrifugation
34
A subcellular fractionation technique. Centrifugation performed on a sample immersed in a gradient solution
gradient fractionation
35
Particles are seperated based on varying sedimentation coefficients (e.g. density or affinity)
gel electrophoresis
36
A technique used to seperate DNA, RNA or proteins using an electrical field
polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
37
A technique for replicating DNA to make small changes in DNA (e.g. changes in amount) more observable. A technique for replicating RNA (by converting it into DNA) to make small changes in RNA (e.g. changes in amount) more observable.
"reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)"
38
A technique for identifying and quantifying proteins in a sample
western blot
39
A technique for identifying and quantifying RNA sequences in a sample
northern blot
40
A technique for identifying and quantifying DNA sequences in a sample.
southern blot
41
Does not exist!!!
eastern blot
42
Using antibody carrying fluorescent dyes to analyze tissue structures
immunohistochemistry
43
Using antibody carrying fluorescent dyes to analyze cellular structures in cell cultures
immunocytochemistry
44
An assay used for detecting and quantifying peptides, proteins, antibodies and hormones
ELISA
45
Organism level analysis
in vivo
46
Tissue level analysis (e.g. organ baths)
ex vivo
47
Isolated cell analysis (e.g. cell lines)
in vitro
48
An experimental setup used to analyze in vitro tissue samples
organ bath
49
An experimental setup used to measure membrane voltage potentials
Ussing chamber
50
Engineered cells for lab analysis. Can be engineered to exihibit specific traits (e.g. express only certain receptors)
cell lines
51
A dye that fluoresces when calcium concentrations increase
calcium sensitive dye
52
An umbralla term used to describe techniques for monitoring cAMP concentrations in a cell
cAMP biosensors
53
A dye that fluoresces under high cAMP concentrations. (higher cAMP channel activity)
Ca²⁺ sensitive dye
54
A dye that fluoresces less as cAMP concentrations increase
PKA sensor
55
Electrodes can be used to measure the movement of charged signal molecules through a live sample (e.g. serotonin and histamine)
electrochemical assay
56
A technique of tracking molecules by replacing atoms with radioactive isotopes. The radioactivity can then be tracked
radioisotope tracer
57
Radioisotopes that produces gamma radiation. Easier to detect.
gamma emitters
58
Radioisotopes that produces beta radiation. Difficult to detect.
beta emitters
59
A technique of obtaining a single receptor for analysis from a cell sample. Involves the removal of a piece of cell membrane using a glass micropipette
patch clamp
60
A technique of measuring cellular responses by using electrodes
intracellular microelectrode
61
Using manipulations that are known to cause the desired effects as a control
positive control
62
Using manipulations that are known to not cause the desired effects as a control
negative control
63
Lipophilic, persisting, non-polar mediators consisting of a 4-ring structure
steroid
64
Steroids that are mostly made in the adrenal cortex.
corticosteroid
65
Steroids that are mostly made in the gonads.
sex steroid
66
Steroids are endocrine mediators; they affect cells far away from site of synthesis.
endocrine
67
The raw material for steroid synthesis.
cholesterol
68
An important intermediate in steroid synthesis. Converted from cholesterol. Step is rate limiting.
pregnenolone
69
A pregnenolone derivatived intermediate hormone that is converted into other hormones.
progesterone
70
A family of enzyme responsible for converting steroid intermediates into different types of steroids.
cytochrome
71
An isomer made up by the same isomers, but arranged differently in space.
stereoisomer
72
A class of corticosteroids that influences salt and water balances.
mineralocorticoid
73
A mineralocorticoid that regulates sodium conservation.
aldosterone
74
A class of corticosteroids that regulates glucose metabolism.
glucocorticoid
75
A glucocorticoid that regulates stress response and blood-glucose concentration.
cortisol
76
A class of sex hormones that are present in both sexes. Used for male traits and reproductive activity in males, and converted into estrogens in females. e.g. testosterone
androgen
77
A primary male androgen hormone.
testosterone
78
An androgen hormone that is more potent than testosterone (a more effective agonist to androgen receptors).
dihydroxytestosterone
79
A class of sex hormones that are present predominently in females. Regulates female traits (menstral cycle, etc) and the female reproductive activity + secondary traits. e.g. estriol
estrogen
80
A primary female estrogen hormone. Production increased during pregnancy.
estradiol
81
A minor female estrogen hormone.
estrone
82
An intermediate in the formation of androgen and estrogen hormones.
dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
83
A minor androgen hormone and an intermediate in the formation of estrone and testosterone from DHEA.
androstenedione
84
An enzyme that converts intermediate androgen hormones into estrogen hormones.
aromatase
85
An enzyme that converts intermediate testosterone into dihydroxytestosterone.
reductase
86
Steroid-bound proteins that protect steroids in circulation.
carrier protein
87
A carrier protein that protects corticosteroid hormones.
"corticosteroid-binding globulin (transcortin)"
88
A carrier protein that protects sex hormones.
sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG)
89
The amount of mediators available to be used by receptors. Steroids bound to carrier proteins are not bioavailable.
bioavailability
90
Steroids bind to nuclear receptor then crosses the nuclear membrane to regulate DNA transcription.
class I nuclear receptor
91
Proteins bound to class I nuclear receptors. Detatches as steroid binds. Detached HSP can act as signalling molecules.
heat shock proteins
92
Steroids cross the nuclear membrane directly to bind to nuclear receptors. The complex then regulate DNA transcription.
class II nuclear receptor
93
The poisonous amphibian specie that was used for the cortisol experiment.
"rough-skinned newt (taricha granulosa)"
94
Newts' foreplay strategy When newts get ready to get busy.
amplexus
95
A corticosteroid that stops amplexus behaviors in newts instantly by interacting with the endocannabinoid system.
corticosterone
96
Hormones that encourages the production of something in the body (e.g. muscle).
anabolic hormone
97
Hormones that encourages the breakdown of something in the body (e.g. muscle loss).
catabolic hormone
98
A range of conditions caused by excessive cortisol exposure.
Cushing's Syndrome
99
Hormones produced by the body.
endogenous
100
Hormones introduced into the body from an external source (e.g. supplements).
exogenous
101
A chemical signal released by the pituitary gland to signal for adrenal cortisol release.
adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
102
A tumor that serves as the primary causes for endogenous Cushing's Syndrome by causing excessive ACTH release.
pituitary adenoma
103
A synthetic, exogenous hormone that resembles cortisol and contributes to Cushing's Syndrome.
prednisone
104
A specific type of Cushing's Syndrome caused by pituitary adenoma.
Cushing's Disease
105
A condition caused by adrenal insufficiencies, resulting in a deficiency of cortisol and aldosterone.
Addison's Disease
106
Drugs designed to achieve analgesia, or pain relief. Usually works by inducing the production of lipid-derived mediators.
analgesics
107
Drugs that does what its name says. Common examples include ibuprofen.
"nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)"
108
A 20 carbon acid derived from membrane phospholipids.
arachidonic (eicosa-tetra-enoic) acid
109
An enzyme that cleaves phospholipids to produce arachidonic acids.
phospholipase A2
110
The head of common phospholipids that are chopped off cleaved during AA production.
phosphocholine
111
A chemical group on common phospholipids, where phospholipase A2 cleaves to produce AA.
glycerol
112
A class of messenger molecules derived from arachidonic acid.
eicosanoids
113
A type of eicosanoids that has widespread effects in the body.
prostaglandins
114
A class of enzymes that converts AA into signalling molecules.
lipoxygenases (LOX)
115
A class of enzymes that converts AA into signalling molecules, including prostaglandins.
cyclooxygenases (COX)
116
An alternate form of COX that is responsible for the second step in the PG synthesis pathway (AA --\> PGG₂ --\> PGH₂).
peroxidase
117
A type of COX enzyme that is constitutively (always) active.
COX-1 Constitutive
118
A type of COX enzyme that activates on demand (e.g. via an endocrine messenger).
COX-2 Induced
119
A 20 carbon compound with a rigid cyclopentane ring and two flexible floppy arms side chains. Forms the basis of prostaglandins.
prostanoic skeleton/acid
120
Compounds derived from prostanoic acid; notably prostaglandins.
prostanoids
121
Compounds derived from prostanoic acid, but contains cis C-C bonds in the sidechains.
isoprostanes
122
An intermediate in the prostaglandins synthesis pathway, derived from AA. Formed in all tissues during PG synthesis.
PGH₂
123
Two or more functionally similar proteins that share a similar (but different) amino acid sequence. Can be encoded by different genes or have different exons removed from the same gene.
isoform
124
A type of prostanoid responsible for blood clotting.
thromboxane (TXA₂)
125
A descriptor that describes prostaglandins' ability to induce fever.
pyrogenic
126
A synthetic prostaglandin that help to treat glaucoma by relieving intraocular pressure.
travoprost
127
A side effect of travoprost experienced after cataract surgery; a result of high prostaglandin in the eyes.
cystoid macular edema (CME)
128
A steroid used to treat CME complications resulting from travoprost use.
prednisolone
129
Endogenous cannabinoid produced within the body, stimulates the cannabinoid receptors. They all belong in the eicosanoid family.
endocannabinoid
130
An endogenous cannabinoid that stimulates the cannabinoid receptors. More selective for CB1 receptors.
anandamide
131
"The other endocannabinoid." - Slide 23. Less selective than 2-AG.
2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG)
132
An enzyme responsible for converting phosphatidylethanolamine into NAPE.
acyltransferase
133
An intermediate molecule for the anandamide synthesis pathway.
"N-arachidonoylphosphatidylethanolamine (NAPE)"
134
An enzyme that converts NAPE into anandamide.
phospholipase D
135
A non-cannabinoid receptor that can also stimulated by endocannabinoids.
vanilloid receptors
136
When a retrograde messenger is released by a postsynaptic dendrite/cell body, and travels backwards across the synapse to bind to a presynaptic axon terminal.
retrograde signalling
137
Transporter protein on the cell membrane that transports anandamide and 2-AG into the cell for degradation.
edocannabinoid transporter
138
An intracellular enzyme that degrades anandamide.
fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH)
139
Conjugately bind to arachidonic acid to form a TRPV1 (vanilloid receptor) agonist and inhibit anandamide uptake.
acetaminophen mechanism of action
140
A type of endocannabinoid present in chocolate.
oleamide
141
Tissue that lines the interior of blood vessels; secretes NO gas to regulate vasodilation.
endothelial cells/layer
142
An amino acid; the precursor for NO.
arginine
143
An enzyme that creates NO from arginine.
nitric oxide synthases (NOS)
144
Present in the neurons and skeletal muscles. Always active (constitutive).
neuronal NOS (nNOS)
145
Present in the macrophages and smooth muscle cells. Activity controlled via transcriptional control.
inducible NOS (iNOS)
146
Present in the endothelial cells and neurons. Always active (constitutive).
endothelial NOS (eNOS)
147
Reacts with nitric oxide to form NO-Hb derivatives.
hemoglobin
148
An enzyme that produces cGMP from GTP in GPCR receptors.
guanylate/guanylyl cyclase
149
A protein produced by guanylyl cyclase. Activates protein kinases in a cell.
"cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)"
150
A NO donor, commonly used for inducing vasodilation.
nitroglycerin
151
A class of drugs that reduces vascular tension and encourages vasodilation.
vasorelaxant
152
Gaseous signalling molecules, including NO, H₂S and CO.
gasotransmitters
