OCAT #3 Flashcards by Karishma Mehta

system responsible for the spine and brain

central nervous system (CNS)

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system responsible for the nerves and ganglia outside the spine and brain

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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the gap in the myelin sheath of the nerve

node of ranvier

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is the propagation of action potentials along myelinated axons from one node of Ranvier to the next node, increasing the conduction velocity of action potentials.

Saltatory Conduction

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insulating cover surrounding axon, allowing charge to conduct quickly down axon

myelin sheath

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Small molecule N.T ex. Serotonin (5-HT)

Indoleamine

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inflated portion of the axon, containing the specialized apparatus necessary to release neurotransmitters - also the French word for button

bouton

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can stop random action by a small hill

axon hillock

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inflated portion of the axon, containing the specialized apparatus necessary to release neurotransmitters - also the French word for button

bouton

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can stop random action by a small hill

hillock

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A receptor for acetylcholine

Cholinoreceptors

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GPCR Cholinoreceptor (M135 increase IP3/DAG)

Muscarinic

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Neuronal (Autonomic ganglia and adrenal medulla) or Neuromuscular junction type. Receptors are ligand gated w pore, multiple loops and 5 subunits

Nicotinic

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Works w ATPase to pump AcH into granules for storage

Vesicular Amine Transporter (VAT)

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Enzyme for the synth of ACh from choline and Acetyl-CoA

Choline acetyltransferase

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Breaks down ACh into Choline and Acetate, can be inhibited by OPs

Acetylcholinesterase

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Insecticides/nerve agents, damages AChesterase, causes cholinergic crisis (eg.Diazinon) treated w atropine

Organophosphate Poisoning/toxicity

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Chari’s fav, also used to decrease HR and saliva during surgery, antidote to OPP, antagonizes cholinergic muscarinic receptors

Atropine

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amino acid (meat,fish,eggs,cheese) vital to production of dopamine/epi

Phenylalanine

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A.A, Second step in Catecholamine Biosynth pathway

Tyrosine

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3rd step in CBS pathway, (Tyrosine Hydroxylase)

L-Dopa

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4th step in CBS pathway (DopaDecarboxylase), N.T in dopaminergic pathways

Dopamine

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Type of Small-Molecule N.T, contains catecholamines, imidazoleamines, Indoleamine

Biogenic Amines

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Eg. Dopamine, Norepinephrine, epinephrine

Catecholamines

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N.T Biogenic Amine, eg Serotonin (5-HT)

Indoleamine

N.T, Biogenic Amine Eg. Histamine

Imidazoleamine

N.T type eg. ATP

Purines

Big N.Ts, 3-30 NT long, packaged in secretory vesicles eg. METHIONINE ENKEPHALIN

Peptide N.Ts

Peptide N.T

METHIONINE ENKEPHALIN

cells in the peripheral nervous system that produce the myelin sheath

Schwann Cell

Powerhouse, rion is singular

Mitochondrion (dria)

Ligand gated, antagonized by tubocurarine

NMJ Type nicotinic receptor

Antagonized by hexamethonium

Neuronal type nicotinic receptor

Used as arrow poison + Smoking cessation aid, muscle relaxant, blocks NMJ receptor

Tubocurarine

Benzene ring w 2 hydroxyls

Catechol (amines)

"God gene" polymorphism = spirituality

VMAT2

Converts dopamine --> NorEpi in granule

Dopamine B(eta) Hydroxylase

Enzyme, present in adrenorecptors Gi = A2, Gs=B123

Adenylate cyclase (Gi or Gs)

NET member of solute carrier family (Na/Cl/Norepi Symport) inhibited by cocaine, amphetamines, trycyclic antidepressants.

Noradrenaline Neuronal Uptake

Dopamine histamine and serotonin, inhibited by steroids

Noradrenaline NON neuronal uptake

Enzymatic degradation of NE, widely distributed

Catechol-O-methyl Transferase (COMT)

Enzymatic degradation of NE, mitochondrial, in neurons liver and intestine, inhibited by MAOIs

Monoamine Oxidase

Type of antidepressant, Tyramine in cheese may cause hypertensive crisis w this

MAOIs

active receptor triggers kinase which phosphlates receptor, is endocytosed, phosphatase dephosphos and returns to normal

NE Receptor desensitization

Nobel winner, NE receptors

Robert Lefkowitz

Class of A.Ds blocks NE uptake

Tricyclic Antidepressants

Secondary active transport Membrane protein involved in transport of many molecules across membrane. They travel in SAME direction

Symporter / Symport

OPPOSITE DIRECTION (one in one out) Secondary Active Transport, Membrane protein involved in transport of many molecules across membrane

Antiport

Transport of molecules across membrane W/O ATP

Secondary active transport

An electrochemical gradient is a gradient of electrochemical potential, usually for an ion that can move across a membrane. The gradient consists of two parts, the chemical gradient, or difference in solute concentration across a membrane, and the electrical gradient, or difference in charge across a membrane. (uneven conc. = diffusion)

Electrochemical gradient

Inside the cell relative to outside (-50 or -70mV)

Transmembrane Electric Potential

everything thats not spine , autonomic (symp,parasymp,eneteric) = not controlable, somatic = controlable

Peripheral N.S

Cellular process responsible for movement of organelles + Synaptic vesicles to and from neuron cell body through the axoplasm

Axonal Transport

The cytoplasm of an axon

Axoplasm

Controllable actions in skeletal muscle, through ACh synaptic vesicles onto nicotinic ACh receptors

Somatic Nervous System

+1 element channel eg. Na and K

monovalent cation channel

Kill urself for no money

Snake Milker

"Average Joe", p.ts to of GPCRs

Canonical

Krait snake "Vicious Bastard", slow and painless causes NMJ type nicotinic receptor inhibition

Bungarotoxin

sensory info to the NS

Afferent

Sensory info to effectors/muscles

Efferent

A mesh like NS that controls GI track "Second brain in the stomach"

Enteric NS

Toxin that cleaves SNARE proteins to not allow for vesicular fusion

Botulinum

muscle that contracts to decrease pupil size

Pupillary sphincter

muscle contracts to increase pupil size

pupillary dilator

Aspects of the nervous system used to "calm" the body.

parasympathetic nervous system

Aspects of the nervous system used for the "fight or flight" response.

sympathetic nervous system

Calculate electrical potential across a membrane, taking into account the different ions (Na+, K+, etc), more realistic model

Goldman Equation

Flows into a neuron to cause an increase in positive charges

Na+

Flows out of a neuron to cause a decrease in positive charges

K+

making a cell more negatively charged, due to loss of K+ ions

hyperpolarization

Stays on the outside of the neuron to invoke a charge gradient

Cl- ions

An anti port that pumps out sodium and pumps in potassium via active transport

Sodium-potassium channel/pump

Located at the axon terminals, allow calcium to enter to release neurotransmitters from the vesicles

Ca+ channel

Proteins, similar to VAMPs and SNAPs, that allow vesicles to dock, fuse and release neurotransmitters. (v and t SNAREs)

SNAREs

Enzymes are made in the cell body and transported to the terminal. The enzymes then produce the transmitters and package them

Small molecule neurotransmitters

Transmitters are made and packaged in the cell body and transported to the terminal.

Peptide neurotransmitters

An insecticide that inhibits acetylcholinesterases.

Organophosphate

Slow acting enzyme that converts tyrosine into DOPA; rate limiting step.

Tyrosine hydroxylase

An intermediate between tyrosine and dopamine

DOPA

An enzyme that converts DOPA to dopamine.

DOPA decarboxylase

An enzyme that converts dopamine to norepinephrine.

Dopamine beta hydroxylase

An enzyme that converts norepinephrine to epinephrine.

Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase

Neurons that produces dopamine from DOPA.

Dopaminergic neurons

Neurons that produces norepinephrine from dopamine.

Noradrenergic neurons

Contains neurons that converts norepinephrine into epinephrine.

Adrenal medulla

Neuronal uptake of noradrenaline; high affinity, selective, inhibited by cocaine, tricyclic antidepressants, amphetamines.

Norepinephrine transporter (NET)

Membrane-bound enzymes that degrades noradrenalines.

Catechol-o-methyl transferase

Receptors that recognizes and responds to adrenaline-like molecules.

Adrenergic receptor

Receptors that recognizes and responds to ACh.

Cholinergic receptor

The propagation of charges down the axon of a neuron.

Axoplasmic flow

The equilibrium potential for potassium ions.

Resting membrane potential

relies upon a mix of cholinergic nicotinic (post ganglionic) and adrenergic (target tissue) receptors

Sympathetic pathway

relies upon cholinergic nicotinic (post ganglionic) and cholinergic muscarinic (target tissue) receptors.

Parasympathetic pathway

An organoposphate that inhibits acetylcholinesterase

Sarin gas

The "default" tone of the nervous system when ganglions are stimulated

Predominant Autonomic tone

Datura stramonium

Atropine Flower

Reversal of predominant tone, effects determined by strength of initial tone

Ganglionic Blockade

Muscle that helps you see at different distances

Ciliary muscle

Puffer fish with a side of blocked sodium

Pufferfish (TETRODOTOXIN) (TTX/TDX?)

A stinging pain followed by an open Na Channel

Scorpiontoxin

One deadly, and papal family

The Borgias

My, what big eyes you have

Dilator

Pre preganglionic, Parasymp said to have this flow

Craniosacral

relating to the viscera or internal organs esp. in the abdomen

splanchnic

Extensions of nerve cell that propagate electrochem stimulation

Dendrites

Ionic basis of neural function

Soup and sparks

Time for a rest

refractory

Sympathetic ganglions are said to have this flow

Thoracolumbar

part of the body other than reproductive cells, drug that produces euphoria

Soma

Enzyme that modifies proteins, largely by phosphorylating

Kinase

nerve cell cluster in ANS where two neural endings talk

Ganglion

Vicious, imaginative, skilled poisoner

Nature

Poisoined challace, nature makes them look chill

The Borgias

OCAT #3 Flashcards

(114 cards)