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(history) women & civil rights 1865-1992 > OCR textbook - main developments of social/economic change 1865-1992 > Flashcards

OCR textbook - main developments of social/economic change 1865-1992 Flashcards

1
Q

women & work after 1865 - change

A
  • considerable expansion of no. of women in labour market
  • biggest increase = white collar work & the professions
  • south = women forced to contribute to agricultural work
  • biggest change = greater experience of paid wwork among single/married women —> higher proportion of married AA women
  • ## range of female employment changed
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2
Q

statistics to support expansion of free women holding jobs

A

10% in 1840
15% in 1840
24% in 1924

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3
Q

percentage of women workers as domestic servants/white collar work
- end of civil war v. 1920

A

domestic servants
1865 = 60%
1920 = 18%

white collar work
1865 = 1%
1920 = nearly 40% (clerical/professional work employment)

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4
Q

women & work after 1865 - continuity

A
  • AA women still employed in domestic & factory work
  • within women employment, teaching/nurse predominanted, followed by charity & welfare
  • thus, stereotype that womens work was linked to their domestic, caring concerns predominated (even when economic growth widened female workforce
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5
Q

development from larger no. of women worker (from 1865)

A
  • growth in union organisation - more strikers & demands for better wages/conditions —> but, only 2% of trade unionists were women by 1914
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6
Q

change/continuity between civil war/ww1 for women & work ?

A
  • mixture
    change
  • scale of women working & nature of employment changed
  • work gave women more independence & background to greater involvment in public affairs/beginnings of industrial organisation
    continuity
  • most work in traditional areas associated w/women
    —> caring professions, producing garments, domestic service, education, nursing & meeting mens sexual needs
  • little change in attitude that the home was womens major responsibility
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7
Q

social change 1865-1914

A
  • changes with family
  • women gained —> boys & girls in school became roughly equal by 1920
  • but, proportion of women in higher education remained lower
  • growth in education & employment led to women being more confident to participate in pubiic campaigns
    —> led to cooperation/expansion of womens clubs, more womens writers
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8
Q

changes in family 1865-1914

A
  • avg. 5 children per couple (before 1861) declined to 3 by 1920
  • due to prosperity, family size fell as middle-class americans wanted to ensure children could prosper
  • women faced having fewer children & looking after them better
  • expected more of partners
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9
Q

less social change 1865-1914

A
  • equality for economic opportunity
  • rewards
  • ability to gain access to managerial positions
  • enter traditional male professions eg medicine & law
  • make decisions/gain political equality
    = LESS PROGRESS
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10
Q

social/economic impact of ww1

A
  • added to no. of women employed
  • diversity of female employment increased
  • numbers in farming grew –> demand for food increased
  • women in armed forces
  • many women travelled overseas in support of armed forces
  • AA women saw change of lifestyle when they joined the emigration from the southern states –> northern states needed more labour
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11
Q

how many more women working in ww1 than 1865

A

3 mil more

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12
Q

how many women worked directly in armed forces in ww1
–> how was this less of a change

A

~30,000
less of a change as the work centred around domestic service eg. laundry or nursing

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13
Q

how many women travelled overseas in support of armed forces

A

20,000+ as members of the YMCA, red cross & salvation army

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14
Q

how many women killed serving overseas (ww1)

A

358

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15
Q

what did the war accelerate - for women

A
  • higher levels of female employment
  • increased womens confidence in tackling more demanding work
  • associated women with the national cause
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16
Q

how did ww1 not make a radical change

A
  • many women didn’t stay in roles after end of war
  • much of work was traditional roles
    -^^pressure to give up jobs for men returning from war
  • although wages rose, there was inequality between male/female labour
  • little attempt to provide childcare facilities/help women who faced dual responsibilities at work/home
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17
Q

the ‘flapper’ era

A

during ‘roaring twenties’
- women wore less restricting clothes
- shorter hair
- smoked
- more ostentatious with their sexuality
- shorter skirts
- more ‘daring’ behaviour
= more independent/emancipated women of the twenties

18
Q

objections to the ‘flapper era’ being a turning point

A
  • conservative, rural USA there was limited acceptance of this
  • areas suffering from fall in farm prices = little money to afford makeup, fashion or nightclubs
  • urban centres, greater overt sexuality often caused women to become sex objects to attract men & increased double standards
19
Q

women & work

A
  • faced discrimination & attitudes were slow to change
  • most of 12% of wives who worked in 1920s did to support families & not for independence
  • mainly in domestics & textiles
  • bulk of female labour unmarried
  • work often more varied but in offices, women faced deep-seated sexual prejudice
  • much less likely to make decisions than men
20
Q

continuity or change in post ww1 era - women/work

A

considerable degree of continuity despite surface changes & experience of ww1

21
Q

great depression & new deal

A
  • depression made position of women worse
  • pressure that women shouldn’t ‘steal’ jobs increased
  • as women worked for less, they were often employed more by companies hit by depression
  • married women found it more difficult to work & some states stopped married women taking jobs in any publicly run institutions
  • depression put pressure on wages
  • progress women had made in 1920s reversed by depression
  • enforcing mandatory equal (more) pay was problematic
  • 1930s saw regression
22
Q

number of women working in 1930s increase

A

11.7% to 15.2%

23
Q

ww2

A
  • men taking part in war was greater
  • growth in gov. machine & expansion of industry
  • less prejudice against direct participation
  • jobs included: flying/testing planes & typical sewing, nursing, cooking & typing
  • propaganda eg. rosie the riveter
  • women taking mens jobs clearly for duration of war
  • no parity in pay
  • more women as taxi drivers, heavy industry workers, drivers & workers in lumber/steel
  • 6 million women entered workforce
24
Q

how many women served in armed forces in ww2 and what in

A

100,000
–> women’s army corps, the navy & the women’s air force

25
Q

avg. woman’s salary in 1944 compared to men’s

A

manufacturing work
women = $31.21 a week
men = $54.65 a week

26
Q

how much social change did ww2 bring

A
  • new jobs & taken on more responsibilities
  • subject of propaganda campaigns
  • ww2 taken social change further than ww1 but no great symbolic change
  • reaction against change greater than after ww1
    –> cold war encouraged conservatism
    –> extended period of prosperity & growth of suburban america reinforced traditional attitudes
  • more in higher education
  • more in professions
  • more women taking a leading part in civil rights movements
  • more using birth control
  • dynamic female leaders also emerged
  • most significant victory (social) = roe v. wade 1973
27
Q

how many women killed in ammunition factories

A

37,000

28
Q

roe v. wade

A

1973

29
Q

how did roe v. wade originate

A

norma mccorvery brought a case in 1970 under name jane roe against the state of texas in the person of attorney general wade

30
Q

what did roe do

A
  • her & her female lawyers challenged this on constitutional grounds & claimed that a woman’s right over her own body fell into ‘a zone of privacy’
  • to deny this privacy, texas (& other states) would be acting unconstitutionally
31
Q

when did roe v. wade reach the supreme court

A

1973

32
Q

terms of roe v. wade

A
  • 1st 3 months of pregnancy = states couldn’t prohibit abortions
  • 2nd/3rd trimester = couldn’t enact any ban if woman’s health was concerned
  • after 6 months = states could protect unborn foetus but not if an abortion was necessary for the health of the mother
33
Q

why was roe v. wade historic

A
  • put rights of mother above foetus
  • supported rights of women over their own bodies & over attitudes which denied them freedom
  • greater recognition of women’s personal freedom
  • challenged some traditional views on women
  • woman’s right to choose whether they have children before other social responsibilities
34
Q

negative aspects due to roe v. wade

A
  • huge backlash of opposition = highlighted strength of counter view
  • women’s position in society still highly contentious issue
35
Q

(new feminism) due to the failure to pass the ERA, what key social issues did they focus on in the 1980s

A
  • domestic violence, issues of sexual abuse in/out of marriage & providing shelters for women
  • protect women from sexual harassment in workplace
  • education on their history/rights
  • protect women from conservative attempts to restrict abortion/access to birth control
  • fund education for younger women & many social issues
36
Q

how many women senators by 1990

A

2

37
Q

divisions in women’s movement

A
  • limited consensus on aims/methods of ‘second-wave feminism’
  • women were divided
  • divisions on way to use vote in 1919
  • no agreement on ERA
  • disagreements on abortion/nature & direction of feminism
38
Q

positive aspects of new feminism

A
  • more represented in politics –> 7 female senators in congress by 1993
  • 1/2 university graduates were women in 1986
  • ## positions of authority no longer unusual
39
Q

which case revealed limitations

A

clarence thomas case of 1991
–> AA law professor, anita hill, accused clarence thomas of sexual harassment
–> hill’s treatment brough a considerable amount of protest & revival of feminism

40
Q

main gains from 1865-1992

A

1865-1914
- job opportunities
- nature of work
- educational opportunities
- family size fell

1914-1939
- factory work
- clerical work
- flapper –> not rural

1939-1969
- armed forces
- more responsibility
- travel
- more in higher education

1969–>
- abortion
- new feminism

41
Q

main limits from 1865-1992

A

1865-1914
- little birth control

1914-1939
- lost jobs when men returned from war/depression
- limited birth control
- discrimination at work
- divided organisations

1939-1969
- social conservatism during cold war
- divided

1969–>
- failure of equal opportunities
- divided

(history) women & civil rights 1865-1992 (15 decks)

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