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Neuro II > Ocular disorders > Flashcards

Ocular disorders Flashcards

(116 cards)

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1
Q

Chronic lipogranulomatous inflammation of the meibomian gland

A

Chalazion

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2
Q

Acute inflammation of the eyelash follicles

A

Hordeolum

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3
Q

Common infectious agent in hordeolum

A

Mainly by S aureus

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4
Q

Pt presents with conjunctival hyperemia, eye discharge, foreign body sensation, and photophobia

A

Conjunctivitis

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5
Q

Conjunctivitis with thick, purulent discharge

A

Bacterial

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6
Q

Conjunctivitis with watery or mucoid discharge

A

Viral

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7
Q

Small, raised, yellowish-white hyperplasia of lymphatic tissue in the eye

A

Conjunctival follicles, seen in viral conjunctivitis

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8
Q

Often due to silver nitrate exposure within 24 hours after birth

A

Chemical neonatal conjunctivitis

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9
Q

Onset and presentation of gonococcal neonatal conjunctivitis

A

2-7 days after birth with purulent ocular discharge and pronounced eyelid swelling

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10
Q

Onset and presentation of chlamydial neonatal conjunctivitis

A

5-23 days after birth with watery/mucopurulent ocular discharge and mild eyelid swelling

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11
Q

Common causal agent of viral neonatal conjunctivitis

A

HSV II

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12
Q

Onset and presentation of viral neonatal conjunctivitis

A

Within 14 days after birth with nonpurulent ocular discharge, corneal ulceration, and periocular vesicles

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13
Q

Fibrovascular Ct that migrates on to the cornea, associated with chronic sun exposure

A

Pterygium

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14
Q

Small, yellowish, submucosal elevation of protein and lipid deposits in the eye that does not invade the cornea

A

Pinguecula

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15
Q

Fluorescein staining in bacterial keratitis

A

Round corneal infiltrate or ulcer

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16
Q

Keratitis features in shingles

A

Punctate or dendritic lesions on the corneal surface

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17
Q

Fluorescein staining in herpes simplex keratitis

A

Superficial corneal erosions, geographic ulcer

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18
Q

Corneal ring infiltrate, associated with contact lens use

A

Late-stage acanthamoeba keratitis

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19
Q

Inflammation under an intact corneal epithelium

A

Stromal/interstitial keratitis

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20
Q

Infective causes of stromal/interstitial keratitis

A

Syphilis
TB
Leprosy

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21
Q

Pt presents with foreign body sensation, severe ocular pain, photophobia, and blurred vision. They have immigrated from an impoverished country and have had a cough. On exam cornea appears hazy with ground glass/steamy appearance

A

Stromal/interstitial keratitis

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22
Q

Non-inflammatory corneal condition where it becomes thinner and develops a conic shape, bulging outward at the center

A

Keratoconus

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23
Q

Conditions associated with keratoconus

A

Down syndrome
Marfan syndrome

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24
Q

Complication of keratoconus

A

corneal hydrops –> rupture of descemet membrane

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25
Microscopy shows thinning of the cornea with breaks in the Bowman layer
Keratoconus
26
Annular deposits of lipids appear around the corneal margin, associated with normal aging.
Arcus senilis/corneal arcus
27
Green-brown, copper deposits within Descemet's membrane, associated with Wilson disease
Kayser-Gleischer ring
28
Disease associated with Kayser-Gleischer ring
Wilson disease
29
Earliest manifestation of vit A deficiency
Night blindness and impaired vision
30
Epithelial metaplasia and keratinization of eye with xerophthalmia, Bitot spots, keratomalacia.
Vit A deficiency
31
Characterized by optic disc atrophy with cupping
Glaucoma
32
Progressive visual field loss starting with peripheral vision until tunnel vision
Open angle/primary glaucoma
33
General secondary cause of open angle glaucoma
Blocked trabecular meshwork from debris
34
Primary cause of angle-closure glaucoma in elderly
Thickness of lens increases with age
35
Secondary causes of angle-closure glaucoma
Neovascular glaucoma (DM) Scaring Lens dislocation Mydriatic agents
36
Pt presents with sudden acute loss of vision, unilateral inflamed and painful eye, frontal HA, blurred vision, and halos around light.
Closed angle glaucoma
37
Reduced aqueous outflow leading increase in intraocular pressure that compresses retinal blood supply with optic dis atrophy and cupping
Glaucoma
38
Cholinergic agent for glaucoma
Pilocarpine
39
Acts on M3 receptors to cause contraction of sphincter pupillae and longitudinal ciliary muscle to increases trabecular outflow
Pilocarpine
40
Adverse effects of Pilocarpine
Superficial punctate keratitis Brow ache Induced myopia Increased risk of retinal detachment Iritis
41
Most widely used ocular hypotensive agent
Timolol
42
Conditions that contraindicate use of Timolol in glaucoma
COPD Asthma HF
43
Selective beta-1-blocker used for glaucoma
Betaxolol
44
Beta-blocker used in glaucoma with an additional neuroprotective effect
Betaxolol
45
Mechanism of beta-blockers in treating glaucoma
Decreases aqueous humor production by blocking beta receptors on ciliary epithelium
46
Nonselective adrenergic agents used in treating glaucoma
Epinephrine Dipvefrin
47
Prodrug of epinephrine with an increased penetration to the anterior chamber of the eye
Dipivefrin
48
Mechanism of Dipivefrin
Increased uveoscleral outflow
49
Selective alpha-2 agonists used in glaucoma
Brimonidine Apraclonidine
50
Drug used short term for post op rise in intraocular pressure
Apraclonidine
51
Selective alpha-2 agonist with an additional neuroprotective effect
Brimonidine
52
Drug used for glaucoma in pts with contraindications to beta blockers
Brimonidine
53
Mechanism of alpha-2 agonists for glaucoma
Decrease aqueous humor production by alpha-2 action on ciliary epithelium
54
Prostaglandin analogues used to treat glaucoma
Latanoprost Unoprostone Bimatoprost Travoprost
55
Adverse effects of latanoprost
Conjunctival hyperemia Iris pigmentation cystoid macular edema
56
Prostaglandin analogue with an additional neuroprotective effect by increasing microcirculation in optic nerve head
Unoprostone
57
First line drug class for open angle glaucoma
Prostaglandin analogue
58
Mechanism of prostaglandin analogues in glaucoma
Decrease IOP by increasing uveoscleral outflow
59
Systemic carbonic anhydrase inhibitors used in glaucoma
Acetazolamide Methazolamide
60
Drug class that blocks CA enzyme reversibly in ciliary body, limits generation of bicarbonate ion, and reduces aqueous humor production. Used to treat glaucoma.
Systemic carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
61
Topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitors used to treat glaucoma
Dorzolamide Brinzolamide
62
Advantage of dorzolamide
Not absorbed systemically
63
Adverse effects of dorzolamide
Corneal edema Allergic reaction Burning and stinging sensations
64
Osmotic agents used to treat glaucoma
Glycerine Mannitol
65
Mechanism of osmotic agents in glaucoma
Increases shift of water into the intravascular space to decrease IOP
66
Types of optic neuritis
Retrobulbar Intrabulbar neuritis/papillitis
67
Most common cause of optic neuritis
MS
68
Infections associated with optic neuritis
Lyme disease Syphilis
69
Toxin associated with optic neuritis
Methanol
70
Pt presents with blurry vision, sudden vision loss, central scotoma, and retrobulbar pain.
Optic neuritis
71
Inherited optic neuritis
Leber hereditary optic neuropathy
72
Inflammatory disorders associated with anterior uveitis
Sarcoidosis RA Juvenile idiopathic arthritis
73
Slit-lamp examination shows hypopyon
Non-granulomatous uveitis
74
Hypopyon
Collection of pus in anterior chamber of eye
75
Findings in granulomatous uveitis
Large keratic precipitates
76
Bilateral granulomatous panuveitis after penetrating injury or surgery beginning several weeks to a year after trauma
Sympathetic ophthalmia
77
Patient presents with floating spots, reduced vision, pain in both eyes, and increased sensitivity to light. Eye trauma occurred several months ago.
Sympathetic ophthalmia
78
Complication of sympathetic ophthalmia
Bilateral blindmess
79
T cell mediated autoimmune response to retinal antigens
Sympathetic ophthalmia
80
Treatment for sympathetic ophthalmia
Systemic immunosuppressant
81
Lens of eye becomes cloudy and opaque, most often with increasing age
Senile cataract
82
Key sign in senile cataract
Loss of red reflex
83
Leading cause of blindness in those <65 yo in developed countries
Macular degeneration
84
Elderly pt present with gradual, painless, bilateral vision loss
Macular degeneration
85
Accumulation of EC deposits (drusen) underneath the retinal pigment epithelium due to oxidative damage
Dry/non-exudative macular degeneration
86
Growth of neovascular vessels from choroid that proliferate underneath the retinal pigment epithelium and defects in Bruch's membrane. Leakage produces elevation of retina causing metamorphopsia and blurring.
Wet/exudative macular degeneration
87
Early sign of wet AMD
Scotoms
88
Late-sign of wet AMD
Straight lines appear wavy
89
General treatment for wet AMD
Intraocular injection of VEGF antagonists
90
VEGF antagonists used in AMD
Bevacizumab Ranibizumab Aflibercep
91
Sudden and painless loss of vision in one eye
Vessel occlusion
92
Fundoscopy findings in central retinal A occlusion
Cherry-red spot at fovea centralis
93
Fundoscopy findings in central retinal V occlusion
Flame-shaped hemorrhages Tortuous veins Papilledema
94
Pt presents with asymptomatic gradual reduction in vision with normal lens and cornea
Retinopathy
95
Retinopathy grade with focal narrowing or arterioles and mild A-V nicking
Grade 1
96
Retinopathy grade with arteriole narrowing, copper wiring, and more accentuated A-V nicking
Grade 2
97
Retinopathy grade with arteriole narrowing, silver wiring, flame-shaped and dot-blot hemorrhages, soft cotton wool spots, hard exudates, and normal disc.
Grade 3
98
Retinopathy grade with fine, fibrous arterioles, silver wiring, flame-shaped and dot-blot hemorrhages, soft cotton wool spots, hard exudates, normal disc, and papilledema.
Grade 4
99
Two types of diabetic retinopathy
Non-proliferative/early Proliferative/late
100
Wet retinopathy is associated with this underlying condition
Diabetes
101
Risk factor for developing retinopathy of prematurity
Treatment with hyperbaric oxygen therapy in premature infants with hyaline membrane disease
102
Retinal ischemia, upregulation of VEGF-retinal angiogenesis, formation of fibrovascular membranes, and retinal detachment
Retinopathy of prematurity
103
Most common primary intraocular malignancy in adults
Uveal melanoma
104
Risk factors for uveal melanoma
Uveal nevus Light skin color Light color of iris
105
Fundoscopy findings in uveal melanoma
Pigmented lesion near temporal margin of the optic disc
106
Histology of ocular lesion shows large cells, vesicular nucleus, prominent nucleolus, with cytoplasmic melanin pigment
Uveal melanoma
107
Most common primary intraocular malignancy of children
Retinoblastoma
108
Mutation associated with retinoblastoma
RB on chromosome 13
109
Other cancers associated with retinoblastoma
Osteosarcoma Pinealoma
110
Child presents with leukocoria and progressive or sudden loss of vision
Retinoblastoma
111
Features of leukocoria
Cat's eye pupil White pupillary reflex Strabismus
112
Cause of progressive loss of vision in retinoblastoma
Due to tumor infiltration into the macula or vitreous humor
113
Cause of sudden loss of vision in retinoblastoma
Retinal detachment
114
Histology shows small, round, blue cells with hyperchromatic nuclei and scanty cytoplasm. With rosettes and fleurettes, necrosis, and dystrophic calcification
Retinoblastoma
115
Generalized reduction of visual acuity with starburst around lights
Cataract
116

Neuro II (21 decks)

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