Old Info - Final Flashcards
(306 cards)
1
Q
what labrinyth is within the temoral bone and lined with endosteum and contains perilymph?
A
Bony Labryinth
2
Q
what labyrinth is suspended in the bony labyrinth and is filled with endolymph and surrounded by perilymph?
A
membranous labryinth
3
Q
what 3 parts does the bony labyrinth have
A
cochlea, vestibule, 3 semicircular canals
4
Q
what 3 parts does membranous labryinth have
A
cochlea duct, saccule and utricle, semicircular duct
5
Q
what labryinth consists of saccule, utricle and vestible and maintains proper head pos in response to speed or liner motion
A
static
6
Q
what labryinth is assos with semicircular canals and evaluates movements that are rotationa;
A
dynamic
7
Q
what does static equilibrium contain (2)
A
saccule and utricle of vestibule wall
8
Q
what epithelium is saccule and utricle
A
simple cuboidal
9
Q
maculae are located where ____ receptors are located
A
equilibrium
10
Q
what repsonds to the pull of gravity and reports changes in head pos
A
maculae
11
Q
how many cilum and microvilli do maculae contain
A
1 cilum, many MV
12
Q
A
13
Q
what are crystal like structurees composed of protein and CaCO3
A
otoliths (ROCKS)
14
Q
what has NO axons, and directly synapse with CN VIII
A
hair cells
15
Q
what macula is perpendicular to skull base
A
saccular macula
16
Q
A
16
Q
what macula is parallel to skull base
A
urticular macula
17
Q
A
18
Q
what equilibirum is associated with semicircular canals and detectign movement in all directions
A
dynamic equilibrium
19
Q
what is the base of the dynamic EQ that has a large swelling
A
ampulla
20
Q
what is the location of the EQ receptor called
A
crista ampullaris
21
Q
what type of movement does crista ampullaris respond to
A
rotational
22
Q
what does crista ampullaris consist of
A
crista hair cells, NO otoliths, Cupula
23
Q
what system does endocrine work hand in hand with
A
nervous
24
what is common goal of endocrine
maintain homeostasis
25
what system consits of endocrine glands and tissue throughout body
endocrine
26
chemical messengers are known as
hormones
27
what type of signaling does nervous have compared to endocrine
eletrical = nervous
chemical = endocrine
28
what are the messengers in endocrine vs nervous
hormones and synapses
29
wired or wireless? (endocrine vs nervous)
endocrine = wireless
nervous = wired
30
is response rapid and brief or slower and long lasting? (endocrine vs nervous)
rapid/bried = nervous
slow/long = endocrine
31
can molecules act as both hormones and NT
yes
32
examples of both hormones nad NT
NE, GABA
33
where the hormone is released into teh bloodstream is known as
source tissue
34
pancreatic islet cells are the source tissue for
insulin
35
possesses receptors for the hormone and responds to hormone by specific action
target (aka glucose)
36
constant blood levels over long timeframe =
chronic secretion (TH)
37
irregular/sudden change in a short timeframe circulating with different levels of stress
acute secretion (EPI)
38
hormone secreted at predictable intervals and concentrations (reproductive)
episodic secretion
39
what type of hormone cannot pass through cell membrane, cant get thru gut mucosa, admined by injection and includes NE, Epi, melatonin, and calcitonin
polar (water soluble)
40
what hormones include steriod and thyroid hormones and can cross PM and admined orally
lipophillic
41
what are the 2 receptor classes
nucleaqr receptors and membrane bound receptors
42
which receptor is bound by lipid soluble hormone
nuclear
43
which receptor is bound by water soluble hormone
membrane bound
44
what are 3 ways hormones avoid destruciton (hormone modification)
1. have carb attached (glycoprotein)
2. modified terminal end
3. have binding proteins
45
3 types of hormonal interaction
1. permissive
2. synergistic
3. antagonistic
46
which hormonal interactions helps one another, includes TH and Epi
permissive
47
which hormonal interactions exert effects with an increased response when together, includes FSH and LH
synergistic
48
which hormonal interactions oppose one another
antagonistic
49
what part regulates pituitary gland secretion
hypothalamus
50
what is a thin band of tissue that border posterior pit, with no function in adulthood
pars intermedia
51
what special part does post pit contain
infundibulum
52
which stores and secretes but does not make hormones
post pit
53
which stores and makes and secretes hormoens
ant pit
54
Post pit hormones
ADH and Oxytocin
55
ADH is also called
vasopressin
56
what does ADH do
increases BP with signifcant secretion
57
roles of ADH
1. water balance
2. water reabsorption
3. prevents urine formation acts on kidney tubule
58
what is ADH triggered by
1. pain
2. low BP
3. nicotine (vasoconstricts)
4 . barbituates
59
what is ADH secretion dependent on? (2)
1. blood osmolality
2. blood volume
60
what is ADH secretion inhibited by
1. xs water
2. diuretics
3. alcohol
61
ADH disorders (2)
1. DI
2. SIADH
62
cause of DI
pit tumor, head trauma
63
what is SIADH
inappropriate ADH secretion, xs secretion (hyponatremia)
64
what is SIADH due to
neurosurgery, lung cancer, meds/anaesthesia
65
symptoms of SIADH
brain edema (fluid retention, HA, disoriented, weight gain, blood dilution)
66
tx SIADH
fluid restriction, SLOWLY correct Na level
67
Tropic hormones (4)
1.TSH (increase th levels)
2. ACTH (increase glucocorticoid secretion)
3. FSH (follicle maturation & sperm)
4. LH (ovulation & testosterone)
68
What Ant Pit hormones affect non pit targets
1. GH (increase tissue growth)
2. PRL (milk)
69
thyroid gland is
largest endocrine ONLY gland
70
what hormones does thyroid produce
T3, T4, calcitonin
71
what makes calcitonin
parafollicular c cells in thyroid
72
why is calcitonin secreted
in response to increased blood Ca levels, decreases osteoclast activity
73
what hormone does Calcitonin oppose
PTH
74
hyperthyroidism (disease)
grave's disease (mimics TSH, constant production) AUTOIMMUNE
75
hyperthyroid levels
low TSH, high T3/ T4
76
hyperthyroidism is due to
1. thyroid tumor
2. pit tumor
3. autoimmune
77
s/s hyperthyroidism
everything fast fast fast
78
tx hyperthyroidism
BB, antithyroid meds, surgical removal, radioactive iodine
79
hypothyroidism due to
bad diet, chem exposure, hashimotos, thyroid origin, surgical removal of thyroid
80
severe hypothyroidism
myxedema
81
hypothyroidism in kids =
cretinism
82
4 glands embedded on posterior thyroid =
parathyroid gland
83
what hormone is at PT
PTH
84
what does PTH do
regulate Ca in blood ( increases Ca in blood)
85
low Ca levels, pt has increased bone fx, weak bones, renal stones (can be from overactive PT gland)
hypercalcemia
86
too much Ca lost in urine or not enough moved from blood
hypocalcemia
87
Zona Glomerulosa =
mineralocorticoids (ALDOSTERONE)
88
Zone Fasiculata
Gonadocorticoids (ANDROGENS)
89
Zona reticularis
Gonadocorticoids (ANDROGENS)
90
What hormones are released by adrenal cortex
corticosteriods
91
which hormones are released by adrenal medulla
catecholamines
92
ACTH controls the
circadian rhythm
93
highest ACTH in the
morning
94
lowest ACTH
evening
95
stressors (which cause a CRH rlease)
hemorrhage, infection, trauma
96
hyposecretion of mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids
addisons disease
97
tx addisons disease
steriod hormone replacement
98
xs stress in addisons disease =
adrenal crisis
99
100
cause of addisons
autoimmune
101
what do you need in adrenal crisis
cortisol (tx emergently with injection)
102
hypersecretion of glucocorticoids
cushings disease
103
cause of cushigns
ACTH producing or releasing tumor (usually from glucocorticoid drugs tho)
104
symptoms of cushings
moon face, buffalo hump, east bruising, poor wound healing
105
tx cushings
remove cause
106
Roles of blood (5)
1. transport
2. regulate pH
3. maintain body temp
4. part of immune system
5. prevent excess bleeding via coagulation
107
blood composition
plasma = 55%
formed elements = 45% (WBC, RBC, thrombocytes)
108
what are the plasma proteins (3)
1. albumin
2. globulin
3. fibrinogen
109
what does RBC contain
hemoglobin
110
4 types hemoglobin
1. oxyhemoglobin
2. deoxyhemoglobin
3. carbaminhemoglobin - CO2 attaches to globulin
4. carboxyhemoglobin - Co attach to iron(DEATH)
111
what gases does hgb carry
O2 and CO2 and iron
112
what disease is autosomal recessive, genetic mutation in beta globulin chain of Hgb
sickle cell
113
change in RBC shape, has snowball effect
sickle cell
114
symptoms of sickle cell
pain, spleen liver enlargement, priapism, stroke
115
tx sickle cell
pain meds, hydroxyurea, gene therapy, bone marrow transplant
116
hemostasis
stop bleed to maintain homeostasis
117
if you do not stop blleding what happens
+ feedback, drop in BP and BV and death
118
3 anticoagulants
heparin (quick), antithrombin(SLOW), postacyclin (counteracts thrombin)
119
where do anticoagulants act
only at site of injury (prevents xs clotting)
120
I skipped blood part 2 - we know that
hopefully lol
121
double layered closed sac surrounding heart
pericardium
122
outer layer, tough CT prevents heart overdistention and anchors in mediastinum
fibrous
123
inner layer slipped serous membrane fold consists of 2 layers
serous
124
what included in serous (3)
1. viseral pericardium
2. parietal pericardium
3. pericardial cavity
125
inflammation of pericardium, leads to cardiac tamponade (tx with pericardiocentesis)
pericarditis
126
middle heart layer
myocardium
127
inner heart layer, simple squamous
endocardium
128
blockage of coronary artery circulation which causes chest pain due to temporary ischemia
angina pectoris
129
tx angina pectoris
rest and Nitro
130
chordae teninae attached to papillary muscles, prevents ATRIAL backflow
AV valve (r and L)
131
heart valves ensure
1 way flow
132
no heart valves at (2)
vena cava & pulm veins
133
prevent ventricular backflow
Semilunar valves
134
empty blood into pulm trunk to pulm arterys (LUNG)
pulmonary SL valve
135
lub =
AV closing
136
dub =
SL closing
137
roles of heart skleleton (3)
1. support AV and SL valves
2. electrical insulation
3. rigid so muscles can attach
138
plate of fibrous CT between atria and ventricles
heart skeleton
139
pacemaker of heart
Sa node
140
what node is located in interior interatrial septum
AV node
141
is impulse delayed inAV node?
yes by 0.1 seconds
142
bundle of His (also known as)
Av bundle - located in septum
143
extend beneath endocardium of septum to Apex
left and right bundle branches
144
inferior terminal branches of bundles
perkunjie fibers
145
S1
close AV, beginning of Ventricular systole
146
147
S3
ventricular gallop, normal in kids/athletes (if over 35 = CHF)
148
S4
atrial gallop, ALWAYS abnormal (HTN or aortic stenosis)
149
Left sided heart failure would indicate _____ congestion
pulmonary
150
right sided heart failure is ______ congestion
peripheral
151
left side has inadequate ejection, causes pulmonary edema
pulmonary congestion
152
fluid pools in spaces and body imparied to get O2, swelling in extremities
peripheral congestion
153
factors that increase HR
+ chronotropic factors
154
factors that decrease HR
- chronotropic factors
155
if sudden drop in BV or heart becomes weak what happens
SV drop, CO maintained / increase HR and contractility
156
what is most important extrinisic control of HR
ANS
157
irregular Heart rhythm due to intrinsic conduction system defects
arrythmia
158
bag of worms =
fibrillation
159
fibrillation needs
defibrillation ASAP
160
constant monitoring of heart rhythms and slows an abnormally fast HR or SHOCK when fibrillates
ICD
161
prolonged coronary blockage
MI
162
most common cause of MI
thrombus formation in coronary artery (narrowed by atherosclerosis)
163
how to fix Mi
Angioplasty, CABG, tPA
164
what are 3 blood vessel types
artery, vein, capillary
165
what are 3 tunics
tunica interna (4 layers endothelium, BM, lamina propria, internal elastic membrane)
tunica media (smooth msucle and elastic/collagen fibers - vasoconstrict/dilate)
tunics externa (CT, dense inner and loose outer)
166
smooth muscle contraction and reduced BV diameter
vasoconstriciton
167
smooth muscle relaxation increase BV diameter
vasodilation
168
arteries carry blood
away from heart
169
most common BV, thinnest
capillary
170
carry blood toward heart
vein
171
do veins have valves
yes
172
largest diameter, BP is high, stretch and r4ecoil
elastic artery
173
medium sized & small arteries. distributing
mucular artery
174
smallest arteries, vasoconstrict and dilate
arterioles
175
no gap between, less permeable
continuous capillaries (skin, lungs, CNS)
176
no cytoplasm, thinner PM, seen in highly permable areas
fenestrated capillary (intesine, kidney, choroid plexus)
177
larger diameter
sinusoidal capillary (liver or endocrine)
178
smallest veins
venules
179
transport of blood from small vein toward heart
medium and large veins
180
connection of capilary network to another
portal veins (hepatic)
181
primary HTN =
no ID cause
182
secondary HTN
identifiable cause
183
BV inadequaltey filled and blood not circulating properly
circulatory shock
184
most common shock, low BV due to major fluid loss
hypovolemic shock
185
186
pump fialure when heart cannot sustain circulation (MI)
cardiogenic shock
187
ductworl that returns fludis that leaked from vascular system back into blood
lymphatic system
188
3 parts lyphatic system
vessels (network), lymph (fluid), lymph nodies (filter)
189
lymphoid organs and tissues
have an immune system role to defend and resist disease
190
fluid that is not reabsorbed and remaines in tissue spaces becomes
interstital fludi
191
IF becomes lymph when it
travels through lymphatic system
192
where are lymph vessels not found
bone, teeth, bone marrow
193
194
drains right upper limb, right head, thorax
R lymphatic duct
195
what drains everything else
thoracic duct
196
NO pump, low pressure
lymph transport
197
lymph transport is regulated by what 2 pumps
1. respiratory
2. muscular
198
when does lymph flow in respiratory pump
expiration
199
when does lymph flow in muscular pump
milking skeletal muscles
200
where B and T cells mature
primary lymphoid organ (immunocompetence)
201
where mature lymphocytes first encounter Ag and become active
secondary lymph organs
202
only lymph nodes have the capacity to filter
lymph
203
what are secondary lymph organs
spleen, MALT
204
what are the two defense systems in the immune system
innate nad adaptive (aquired) immunity
205
prevents MO from getting in using physical barriers and chemical barriers
first line of defense
206
when first line is penetrated and hallmark is INFLAMMATION
second line of dfense
207
4 roles of 2nd line of defense
1. destroy invader
2. limit injury
3. prote healing
4. develop aquired immunity
208
1st and 2nd lines penetrated, use immune system (Ag/Ab/Memory)
3rd line of defense
209
most abundant IG can cross placenta
IgG
210
blood and body secretions, dimer
IgA
211
largest, pentamer, first produced with first exposure
IgM
212
rare in blood, mediator for allergy and parasite
IgE
213
always on B surface, Ag receptor, actviates B cells
IgD
214
B cells =
humoral
215
T cells
cell mediated
216
4 processes of respiration
1. pulmonary ventilation
2. external respiration
3. gas transport
4. internal/external respiration
217
5 functions of repiratory system
1. regulation of blood pH
2. production of chemical mediators
3. voice production
4. olfaction
5. protection
218
PRIMARY ROLE of respiratory system =
gas exchange
219
sinusitis
sinus infection
220
what are the causes of sinusitis?
1. bacterial infection
2. polyps
3. allergies
4. fungal
221
the respiratory membrane consist of
alveolar walls and pulmonary capillaries
222
what is the respiratory membrane in charge of?
gas exchange!
223
what are the 2 types of alveolar wall cells?
1. type 1 pneumocytes (simple squamous/gas exchange)
2. type 2 pneumocytes (cuboidal cells produce surfactant)
224
what type of relationship is between pressure and volume?
inverse
225
during muscle contraction, increase in volume leads to an ____ in pressure to which air flows IN
decrease
226
during muscle relaxation decrease in volume leads to a ____ in pressure to which air flows OUT
increase
227
normal quiet volume of air inspired and expired
tidal volume (500)
228
amount of air inspired forcefully after normal inspiration
IRV (3100)
229
amount of air that can be forcefully expired after normal expiration
ERV (1200)
230
volume of air remaining in respiratory passages and lungs after most forceful expiration, allows for gas exchange
Residual volume (1200)
231
maximal amount you can expire after max inspiration
vital capacity (4800)
232
sum of vital capacity and residual volume
total lung capacity
233
what are the factors affecting pulmonary ventilation?
1. gendr/age/body size/physical conditioning
2. disease states
3. compliance of lung
234
235
2 major causes of pneumothorax?
penetrating or nonpenetrating
236
tension pneumothorax due to
trauma
237
ventilation-perfusion coupling is controlled by
local autoregulatory mechanisms
238
239
PO2 controls perfusion via
ARTERIOLE diameter
240
PCO2
partial pressure of CO2
241
PCO2 controls ventilation via
BRONCHIOLE diameter
242
243
CO2 is formed as _______ of breakdown of glucose when used
by-product
244
inadequate oxygen delivery to body tissues
hypoxia
245
viewed as a cyanotic hue, seen in nail beds and mucosae
hypoxia
246
odorless, colorless gas, leading cause of death from fire
carbon monoxide poisoning
247
ventilation increases 10-20 fold during _____
exercise
248
increased ventilation to match metabolic needs (CO2 and O2 not affected)
hyperpnea
249
sudden increase in altitude from sea level, can get acute mouhtain sickness
high altitude
250
Acute mountain sickness (AMS) severe vs long term
severe: lethal pulmonary and cerebral edema
long term: acclimatized
251
Tx AMS
`dexamethasone and acetazolamide, O2, lower alititude
252
consists of GI tract and accessory organs
digestive system
253
substance that provides nourishment esssential for growth and maintaining life
nutrients
254
process of breakdown of food via mechanical and chemical means
Digestion
255
process by which nutrients are absorbed into blood stream
absorption
256
6 essential digestive functions
1. ingestion
2. propulsion (downward movement)
3. mechanical digestion (segmentation)
4. chemical digestion (enzymes)
5. absorption (movement into blood)
6. defecation
257
Hirshsprungs disease =
megacolon
258
painful developmental disorder due to lack of subset of enteric neurons in distal large intestine
hirshsprung's disease
259
where is mutation in Hirshsprung disease
RET gene
260
HD more common in
males
261
Dx HD
rectal biopsy, abd x ray, anal manometry
262
Tx HD
surgical bypass or removal of colon, high fiber food, increased fluids, physical activity
263
complications of HD
Entercolitis
264
serous membrane sheet covering walls and abdominal cavity organs
peritonem
265
life threatening inflammation of peritoneum due to chemical irritation
peritonitis
266
accumulation of xs serous fluid in peritoneal cavity
ascities
267
where do you see ascites
starvaton, peritonitis, alcoholism, different cancers
268
Role of teeth
mastication of food, speech
269
which are the first teeth to come in
incisors
270
deciduous teeth
baby teeth
271
when do central incisors come in
6 MO
272
dental caries =
cavities (bacteria demineralizes enamel)
273
due to plaque adherence to teeth accumulates and calcifies forming tartar
decay
274
inflammed red sore swollen bleeding gums can reverse if tartar is removed
gingivitis
275
gingivitis progression into pockets of infection that form deep pockets around teeth, destroying peridontal ligament and osteoclasts activate and disolve the bone
periodontal disease
276
due to abnormal weakened gastroesophageal sphincter
hiatal hernia
277
type 1 hiatal hernia =
sliding
278
279
Dx Hiatal hernia
esophageal manometry, endoscopy
280
Tx hiatal hernia
watch, meds, surgery
281
stomach acid backflows into esophagus and irritates
GERD
282
complications of GERD
esophagitis --> ulcer
283
due to gastric juice digesting mucosal lining of GI tract
peptic ulcer
284
due to infection of H pylori
peptic ulcer
285
contributing factors of peptic ulcers
stress, diet, ASA, NSAIDS, spicy, coffee, smoking and alcohol
286
gnawing epigast5ric pain straight through back, occurs 1-3 hours after eating and is relieved by food
PUD
287
what are complications of PUD
stomach wall perf --> peritonitis --> massive hemorrhage
288
Dx PUD
urea breath test, stool adn PCR test, upper endoscopy
289
Tx PUD
2 week Abx & antacids
active ulcers get H2 blockers or PPI
290
3 structural modifications of small intestine
1. circular folds (run perpendicular)
2. villi (finger-like)
3. microvilli (brush border)
291
liver is divided into
hepatic lobules surrounded by CT septa
292
kupffer cells
macrophages (role in innate immunity)
293
portal triad consists of
hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery, hepatic duct
294
blood and bile move in
opposite directions
295
sac used for bile concentration and storage
gallbladder
296
tunics of gallbladder
inner mucosa, muscularis, serosa
297
released from gallbladder by contractions stimulated by CCK and vagal stimulation
bile
298
insoluble aggregates made in GB
biliary calculi
299
located behind stomach, head is wrapped by duodenum, tail extends to left abd toward spleen
pancreas
300
exocrine pancreas
islet of langerhans
301
endocrine pancreas
acinar cells
302
303
painful inflammation of pancreas acute or chronic due to alcoholism, certain meds, biliary canculi, pancreatic duct block, CF
pancreatitis
304
risk factors of pancreatitis
obestity, alcohol, smoking
305
