Oncology Flashcards
(25 cards)
Hemangiosarcoma
most common primary splenic mass in the dog GSD most common
malignant tumour of the blood vessels
high metastasis to lungs/liver/nodes etc
surgical removal is primary treatment
What is the most common splenic disease in the cat
Splenic Mast Cell Tumour
Presentation of haemangiosarcoma
Incidental abdominal mass
lethargy
cough - metastatic
acute emergency - respiratory collapse
Blood smear sign of neoplasia
degenerate/broken erythrocytes
surgical consideration for splenic tumour removal
take out the whole spleen, very straightforward, just lots of ligation
may require transfusion
poor prognosis with thrombocytopaenia, PCV<30 and intra-operative arrythmias
Splenic torsion
commonly seen in GDV
large/giant breeds are common
cs - abdo pain, collapse, pallor, tachydysrhythmias
can be chronic
treatment - splenectomy
classification of lymphomas
alimentary - B-cell - better prognosis
multicentric - T-cell - 80% of lymphomas
mediastinal - high grade - poorer prognosis
extra-nodal - low grade
Lymphomas in cats
multicentric associated with FeLV
extranodal more common
Diagnosis of lymphoma
FNa
Trucut biopsy - large samples
Excisional/incisional biopsy
points of care with lymphoma
not all owners want to treat
drugs in mg/m2 not mg/kg
monitor for side effects
can get very expensive
staging of lympoma
1 - single lymph node affected
2- multiple nodes
3 - generalised lymphadenopathy
4 - liver and/or splenic involvement
5 - bone marrow or blood involvement and/or any non lymphoid organ
substage a - without clinical signs, b with clinical signs
factors affecting prognosis
clinical stage - high reduces survival
t-cell reduces survival
hypercalcaemia - negative prognosis
anaemia - wont respond
treatment options for lymphoma
none
single drug - prednisolone/doxorubin
multi drug - cop/chop
radiation
what drugs are in CHOP
C = cyclophosphamide
H = doxorubicin
O = vincristine
P = prednisolone
types of tumour
epithelial
mesenchymal
round cell
epithelial tumours
agressive metastasising epithelial cells
locally invasive with inflammation
examples; papilloma, squamous cell, transitional cell, adenoma, adenocarcinoma
Mesenchymal tumours
can spread in blood vessels, extend tendrils into surrounding tissue
examples; fibroma/fibrosarcoma, osteoma/osteosarcoma, haemangioma/haemangiosarcoma, Lipoma/liposarcoma, chondroma/chondrosarcoma
Round cell tumours
all immune cells
examples; lymphoma, mast cell tumours, plasma cell tumour, histiocytic sarcoma
treatment - chemo
features of higher grade tumours
higher mitotic rate
poorly differentiated cells
local invasion
necrosis
nuclear/cellular atypia
What does TMN mean
tumour
Lymph Node
distant metastasis
soft tissue sarcoma grading
1 - superficial small low-intermediate tumours without mets
2 - superficial large/ or deep tumours with no nodal/distant mets
3 - large and deep tumours without mets
4 - any tumour with nodal/distant mets
Types of excision
radical - entire compartment eg limb
curative intent - 2-3cm margin
marginal - removing all within the pseudocapsule
cytoreductive - removing bulk within pseudocapsule
pathophysiology of neoplasia
functional - pain, compression, obstruction,
bleeding
infection - necrosis
effusions
paraneoplastic syndromes - hypercalcaemia, hyperviscosity, hormones
what is hyperviscosity
thickening of the blood with leukaemia leading to poor perfusion and caused by excess blood proteins
