Oral/dental

Question 1

deciduous tooth eruption

Answer 1

dog - 3-6weeks
cat 2-8 weeks

Question 2

permanent tooth eruption

Answer 2

3-6 months
check positioning at 5 months

Question 3

tooth purposes

Answer 3

incisors - nibbling/grooming
canines - grabbing/holding
pre-molars - cutting
molars - grinding

Question 4

what does buccal mean

Answer 4

next to cheek

Question 5

functions of peridontium

Answer 5

attach
support
protect

Question 6

what is CEJ

Answer 6

cemento-enamel junction

Question 7

oral exam equipment

Answer 7

periodontal probe
explorer probe
dental chart

Question 8

what is the periodontal probe used for

Answer 8

measure sulcus depth - walk around teeth and check for pockets
press lightly around every tooth

Question 9

things to look for on dental exam

Answer 9

oral mucosa
occlusion
periodontal disease
missing/extra/damage teeth
abscesses/tracts
resorptive lesions
caries
oral masses

Question 10

gingivitis scoring

Answer 10

G0 - no gingivitis
G1 - looks inflamed, doesnt bleed
G2 - bleeds but delayed
G3 - bleeds quickly

Question 11

furcation scoring

Answer 11

involvement of the furcational bone within periodontal disease

Question 12

indications for dental radiography

Answer 12

all masses/lesions
damaged teeth
periodontitis
abscess
resorptive lesions
caries

Question 13

what does pink pulp mean

Answer 13

fresh fracture - inflamed, will be painful

Question 14

what does black necrotic pulp

Answer 14

dead - likely to abscess

Question 15

what does pulp exposure mean

Answer 15

dead tooth

Question 16

what should you do with an avulsed tooth

Answer 16

refer to specialist fast
dont touch root end
can put back in

Question 17

root canal treatment

Answer 17

drill hole
pull pulp through access hole
shape inside of root
fill with root canal filling

Question 18

care of caries

Answer 18

stop bacteria - do filling or remove

Question 19

peridontal therapy

Answer 19

gingivoplasty/gingivectomy
management
tooth salvage
surgey

Question 20

classes of malocclusion

Answer 20

class 1 - dental
class 2 - skeletal maxilla>mandible - overshoot
class 3 - skeletal mandible > maxilla - undershoot

Question 21

epulides

Answer 21

gingival mass
varying malignency
radiograph and biopsy

Question 22

tumours of the oral cavity

Answer 22

malignant melanoma/squamous cell carcinoma most common in dogs
squamous cell carcinoma most common in cats
others include - fibrosarcoma, osteosarcoma, multi-lobular osteochondrosarcoma

Question 23

clinical signs of oral tumours

Answer 23

presence of mass in oral cavity
increased salivation, blood in saliva, odorous breath
facial swelling, exopthalmus
bloody nasal discharge
loose teeth - can indicate cancer-induced bone loss

Question 24

treatment for oral tumours

Answer 24

benign - excised with 1cm margins
malignant - 2-3cm margins
mandibulectomy/maxillectomy
immunotherapy - melanoma

Question 25

oral surgery principles

Answer 25

as atraumatic as possible control haemorrhage - pressure/ligation/electrosurgery avoid tension - make flaps and support flaps use appositional sutures - simple interrupted/continuous, horizontal mattress, vertical mattress

Question 26

oral surgical aftercare

Answer 26

soft canned food/soaked kibble limited exercise, analgesia, antibiotics restrictive collar to prevent trauma

Question 27

oral post op complications

Answer 27

incision breakdown bleeding increased salivation mandibular drift difficulty eating

Question 28

oral surgery prepation

Answer 28

scale flush polish disinfect

Question 29

luxation and elevation procedures

Answer 29

luxation - aims to breakdown PDL fibres and expand alveolus through cutting elevation - aims to fatigue PDL fibres and expand alveolus

Question 30

tooth sectioning

Answer 30

remove triangle to achieve more appropriate angles work sections out against each other do not work a tooth against one being left in

Question 31

flap design

Answer 31

give plenty of space do not make in parallel - top of flap should be narrower than bottom lift with periosteal elevator

Question 32

tooth cutting burr

Answer 32

high speed protects soft tissue/operators eyes cut towards crown

Question 33

bone cutting burr

Answer 33

low speed/irrigant need to minimise heating

Question 34

flap closure

Answer 34

secure bites into gingiva appositional/everting patterns reverse cutting needles monocryl/vicryl 4/0, 5/0

Question 35

commonly used oral suture materials

Answer 35

polyglecaprone/glycolide/polygytone - monofilament used to reduce spikey ends in the mouth glycomer/lactomer - multifilament

Question 36

cleft palate

Answer 36

abnormal opening between mouth and nose can be unilateral/bilateral of nose along roof of mouth - can effect hard/soft palate or both CS - poor weight gain, breathing difficulties, coughing/gagging when eating/drinking. nasal discharge can include food Management - palate - often euthanised with breeder, otherwise surgery (skeletally mature ideal but dont want to risk aspiration pneumonia) prone to dehisence

Question 37

what do you want to avoid during palate surgery

Answer 37

leaving an air to air interface either side of the closed tissue as more likely to dihiss overflapping can reduce dehiscence

Question 38

after care for palate surgery

Answer 38

antibiotics with pneumonia/nasal infection collar soft food no chew toys do not breed

Question 39

stick injuries

Answer 39

can create oronasal fistula if run into can use auricular cartilage to support the flap can take a flap of skin from the cheek or remove flap of lip tissue (have to remove tooth)

Question 40

symphyseal separation

Answer 40

try to fit arcades back together can use dental acrylic across canine to stabilise

Question 41

surgery of the salivary glands

Answer 41

sub-mandibular mucocoele - marsupialise and leave open to drain - not always effective pharyngeal mucocoele - dangerous as can effect airway - remove

Question 42

oropharyngeal stick injuries

Answer 42

acute<7 days, chronic >7 days often observed/obvious acute CS - oral pain, dysphagia, bloody saliva chronic CS - cervical swelling +/- discharging tract radiograph/ultrasound, CT, MRI, endoscopy care to look around the mouth, check there are not any fragments leave hole to drain

Question 43

associated issues of stick injuries

Answer 43

can stick through pharynx at cranio-oesophageal sphincter - will be lame, can go into thorax fragments of wood can cause abscesses - fill tracts with saline and scope

Question 44

chronic presentation stick injury management

Answer 44

often abscess towards draining tract - inject with contrast and radiograph to find location of foreign body sometimes cannot see on x-ray, need CT

Question 45

post op stick injury management

Answer 45

broad spectrum antibotics - clavulanate amoxicillin/fluoroquinolone, metronidazole watch for complications - recurrence, pyrexia, neck pain, bacteraemia, nerve damage, dysphagia dont throw sticks!!

Question 46

gingivitis

Answer 46

inflammation of gingiva caused by bacteria reversible with plaque removal

Question 47

periodontitis

Answer 47

irreversible sequel to gingivitis pocketing and gingival recession frequently require extraction can slow/arrest with plaque removal pre-disposing factors - underlying disease/immune compromise, locally - plaque/trauma

Question 48

complication of periodental disease

Answer 48

local extension - adjacent teeth, abscesses, osteitis, osteomyelitis, stomatitis, ulceration systemic extension - bacteraemia, dissemination into organ

Question 49

periodontal treatment

Answer 49

scaling - debulking of calus - hand scale/forceps or ultrasonic polishing - removes plaque biofilm flushing homecare - brushing daily, chews, dental diets, 0.12% chlorhexidine mouthwash

Question 50

types of scaler

Answer 50

hand - difficult, technical and slow rotary - dont use, destructive sonic - slow ultrasonic - fast/efficient but heating