One Word_First Aid Flashcards
(231 cards)
1
Q
Clinical presentation: “Cherry-red spot” on macula
A
Tay-Sachs (ganglioside accumulation) or Niemann-Pick (sphingomyelin accumulation), central retinal artery occlusion
2
Q
Clinical presentation: “Strawberry tongue”
A
Scarlet fever, Kawasaki disease, toxic shock syndrome
3
Q
Clinical presentation: “Waxy” casts with very low urine flow
A
Chronic end-stage renal disease
4
Q
Clinical presentation: “Worst headache of my life”
A
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
5
Q
Clinical presentation: Abdominal pain, ascites, hepatomegaly
A
Budd-Chiari syndrome (posthepatic venous thrombosis)
6
Q
Clinical presentation: Achilles tendon xanthoma
A
Familial hypercholesterolemia
7
Q
Clinical presentation: Adrenal hemorrhage, hypotension, DIC
A
Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome (meningococcemia)
8
Q
Clinical presentation: Arachnodactyly, lens dislocation, aortic dissection, hyperflexible joints
A
Marfan’s syndrome (fibrillin defect)
9
Q
Clinical presentation: Athlete with polycythemia
A
Erythropoietin injection
10
Q
Clinical presentation: Back pain, fever, night sweats, weight loss
A
Pott’s disease (vertibral tuberculosis)
11
Q
Clinical presentation: Bilateral hilar adenopathy, uveitis
A
Sarcoidosis (noncaseating granulomas)
12
Q
Clinical presentation: Blue sclera
A
Osteogenesis imperfecta (collagen defect)
13
Q
Clinical presentation: Bluish line on gingiva
A
Burton’s line (lead poisoning)
14
Q
Clinical presentation: Bone pain, bone enlargement, arthritis
A
Paget’s disease of bone (↑ osteoclastic and osteoblastic activity)
15
Q
Clinical presentation: Bounding pulses, diastolic heart murmur, head bobbing
A
Aortic regurgitation
16
Q
Clinical presentation: Café-au-lait spots, Lisch nodules (iris hamartomas)
A
Neurofibromatosis type I (+ pheochromocytoma, optic gliomas) Neurofibromatosis type II (+ bilateral acoustic neuromas)
17
Q
Clinical presentation: Café-au-lait spots, polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, precocious puberty
A
McCune-Albright syndrome (mosaic G-protein signaling mutation)
18
Q
Clinical presentation: Calf pseudohypertrophy
A
Muscular dystrophy (most commonly Duchenne’s)
19
Q
Clinical presentation: Chest pain, pericardial effusion / friction rub, persistent fever following MI
A
Dressler’s syndrome (autoimmune-mediated post-MI fibrinous pericarditis, 1-12 weeks after acute episode)
20
Q
Clinical presentation: Child uses arms to stand up from squat
A
Gower’s sigh (Duchenne muscular dystrophy; X-linked recessive deleted dystrophin gene)
21
Q
Clinical presentation: Child with fever develops red rash on face that spreads to body
A
“Slapped cheeks” (erythema infectiosum / fifth disease: parvovirus B19)
22
Q
Clinical presentation: Chorea, dementia, caudate degeneration
A
Huntington’s disease (autosomal-dominant CAG repeat expansion)
23
Q
Clinical presentation: Chronic exercise intolerance with myalgia, fatigue, painful cramps
A
McArdle’s disease (muscle glycogen phosphorylase deficiency)
24
Q
Clinical presentation: Cold intolerance
A
Hypothyroidism
25
Clinical presentation: Conjugate lateral gaze palsy, horizontal diplopia
Internuclear ophthalmoplegia (damage to MLF; bilateral [multiple sclerosis], unilateral [stroke])
26
Clinical presentation: Continuous "machinery" heart murmur
PDA (close with indomethacin; open with misoprostol)
27
Clinical presentation: Cutaneous / dermal edema due to connective tissue deposition
Myxedema (hypothyroidism, Grave's disease)
28
Clinical presentation: Dark purple skin / mouth nodules
Kaposi's sarcoma (usually AIDS patients [gay men]: associated with HHV-8)
29
Clinical presentation: Deep, labored breathing / hyperventilation
Kussmaul breathing (diabetic keoacidosis)
30
Clinical presentation: Dermatitis, dementia, diarrhea
Pellagra (niacin [vitamin B3] deficiency)
31
Clinical presentation: Dilated cardiomyopathy, edema, polyneuropathy
Wet beriberi (thiamine [vitamin B1] deficiency)
32
Clinical presentation: Dog or cat bite resulting in infection
Pasteurella multocida (cellulitis at inoculation site)
33
Clinical presentation: Dry eyes, dry mouth, arthritis
Sjögren's syndrome (autoimmune destruction of exocrine glands)
34
Clinical presentation: Dysphagia (esophageal webs), glossitis, iron deficiency anemia
Plummer-Vinson syndrome (may progress to esophageal squamous cell carcinoma)
35
Clinical presentation: Elastic skin, hypermotility of joints
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (collagen defect, usually type III)
36
Clinical presentation: Enlarged, hard left supraclavicular node
Virchow's node (abdominal metastasis)
37
Clinical presentation: Erythroderma, lymphadenopathy, hepatospenomegaly, atypical T cells
Sézary syndrome (cutaneous T-cell lymphoma) or mycosis fungoides
38
Clinical presentation: Facial muscle spasm upon tapping
Chvostek's sign (hypocalcemia)
39
Clinical presentation: Fat, female, forty, fertile
Acute cholelithiasis (bile duct blockage)
40
Clinical presentation: Fever, cough, conjunctivitis, coryza, diffuse rash
Measles (Morbillivirus)
41
Clinical presentation: Fever, night sweats, weight loss
B symptoms (lymphoma)
42
Clinical presentation: Fevers, chills, heahache, myalgia following abtibiotic treatment for syphilis
Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction (rapid lysis of spirochetes results in toxin release)
43
Clinical presentation: Fibrous plaques in soft tissue of penis
Peyronie's disease (connective tissue disorder)
44
Clinical presentation: Gout, mental retardation, self-mutilating behaviour in a boy
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome (HGPRT deficiency, X-linked recessive)
45
Clinical presentation: Green-yellow rings around peripheral cornea
Kayser-Fleischer rings (copper accumulation from Wilson's disease)
46
Clinical presentation: Hamartomatous GI polyps, hyperpigmentation of mouth/feet/hands
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (genetic benign polyposis can cause bowel obstruction ↑ cancer risk)
47
Clinical presentation: Hepatosplenomegaly, osteoporosis, neurologic symptoms
Gaucher's disease (glucocerebrosidase deficiency)
48
Clinical presentation: Hereditary nephritis, sensorineural hearing loss, cataracts
Alport's syndrome (type IV collagen mutation)
49
Clinical presentation: Hypercoagulability (leading to migrating DVTs and vasculitis)
Trousseau's sign (adenocarcinoma of the pancreas or lung)
50
Clinical presentation: Hyperphagia, hypersexuality, hyperorality, hyperdocilityüü
Klüver-Bucy syndrome (bilateral amygdala lesion)
51
Clinical presentation: Hypertension, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis
Conn's syndrome
52
Clinical presentation: Hypoxemia, polycythemia, hypercapnia
"Blue bloater" (chronic bronchitis; hyperplasia of mucous cells)
53
Clinical presentation: Indurated, ulcerated genital lesion
Nonpainful: chancre (1° syphilis, Treponema pallidum) Painful, with exudate: chancroid (Haemophilus ducreyi)
54
Clinical presentation: Infant with failure to thrive, hepatosplenomegaly, neurodegeneration
Niemann-Pick disease (genetic sphingomyelinase deficiency)
55
Clinical presentation: Infant with hypoglycemia, failure to thrive, and hepatomegaly
Cori's disease (debranching enzyme deficiency)
56
Clinical presentation: Infant with microcephaly, rocker-bottom feet, clenched hands, and structural heart defect
Edward's syndrome (trisomy 18)
57
Clinical presentation: Jaundice, RUQ pain, fever
Charcot's triad 2 (ascending cholangitis)
58
Clinical presentation: Keratin pearls on a skin biopsy
Squamous cell carcinoma
59
Clinical presentation: Large rash with bull's-eye appearance
Erythema chronicum migrans from Ixodes tick bite (Lyme disease: Borrelia)
60
Clinical presentation: Lucid interval after traumatic brain injury
Epidural hematoma (middle meningeal artery rupture)
61
Clinical presentation: Male child, recurrent infections, no mature B cells
Bruton's disease (X-linked agammaglobulinemia)
62
Clinical presentation: Mucosal bleeding and prolonged bleeding time
Glazmann's thrombathenia (defect in platelet aggregation due to lack of GpIIb/IIIa)
63
Clinical presentation: Multiple colon polyps, osteomas / soft tissue tumors, impacted / supernumerary teeth
Gardner's syndrome (subtype of FAP)
64
Clinical presentation: Necrotizing vasculitis (lungs) and necrotizing glomerulonephritis
Wegener's (c-ANCA positive) and Goodpasture's syndromes (anti-basement membrane antibodies)
65
Clinical presentation: Neonate with arm paralysis following difficult birth
Erb-Duchenne palsy (superior trunk [C5-C6] brachial plexus injury: "waiter's tip")
66
Clinical presentation: No lactation postpartum, absent menstruation, cold intolerance
Sheehan's syndrome (pituitary infarction)
67
Clinical presentation: Nystagmus, intention tremor, scanning speech, bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia
Multiple sclerosis
68
Clinical presentation: Oscillating slow/fast breathing
Cheyne-Stokes respirations (central apnea in CHF or ↑ intracranial pressure)
69
Clinical presentation: Painful blue fingers/toes, hemolytic anemia
Cold agglutinin disease (autoimmune hemolytic anemia caused by Mycoplama pneumoniae, infectious mononucleosis)
70
Clinical presentation: Painful, pale, cold fingers/toes
Raynaud's syndrome (vasospasm in extremities)
71
Clinical presentation: Painful, raised red lesions on palms and soles
Osler's node (infective endocarditis)
72
Clinical presentation: Painless erythmatous lesions on palms and soles
Janeway lesions (infective endocarditis)
73
Clinical presentation: Painless jaundice
Cancer of the pancreatic head obstructing bile duct
74
Clinical presentation: Palpable purpura, joint pain, abdominal pain (childö)
Henoch-Schönlein purpura (IgA vasculitis affecting skin and kidneys)
75
Clinical presentation: Pancreatic, pituitary, parathyroid tumors
Wermer's syndrome (MEN 1)
76
Clinical presentation: Pink complexion, dyspnea, hyperventilation
"Pink puffer" (emphysema: centroacinar [smoking], panacinar [α1-antitrypsin deficiency])
77
Clinical presentation: Polyuria, acidosis, growth failure, electrolyte imbalances
Fanconi's syndrome (proximal tubular reabsorption defect)
78
Clinical presentation: Positive anterior "drawer sign"
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury
79
Clinical presentation: Ptosis, miosis, anhidrosis
Horner's syndrome (sympathetic chain lesion)
80
Clinical presentation: Pupil accommodates but doesn't react
Argyll Robertson pupil (neurosyphilis)
81
Clinical presentation: Rapidly progressive leg weakness that ascends (following GI/upper respiratory infection)
Guillain-Barré syndrome (autoimmune acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy)
82
Clinical presentation: Rash on palms and soles
2° syphilis, Rocky Mountain spotted fever
83
Clinical presentation: Recurrent colds, unusual eczema, high serum IgE
Job's syndrome (hyper-IgE syndrome: neutrophil chemotaxis abnormality)
84
Clinical presentation: Red "currant jelly" sputum in alcoholic or diabetic patients
Klebsiella pneumoniae
85
Clinical presentation: Red urine in the morning, fragile RBCs
Paroxysmal noctural hemoglobinuria
86
Clinical presentation: Red, itchy, swollen rash of nipple/areola
Paget's disease of the breast (represents underlying neoplasm)
87
Clinical presentation: Renal cell carcinoma, hemangioblastomas, angiomatosis, pheochromocytoma
von Hippel-Lindau disease (dominant tumor suppressor gene mutation)
88
Clinical presentation: Resting tremor, rigidity, akinesia, postural instability
Parkinson's disease (nigrostriatal dopamine depletion)
89
Clinical presentation: Restrictive cardiomyopathy (juvenile form: cardiomegaly), exercise intolerance
Pompe's disease (lysosomal glucosidase deficiency)
90
Clinical presentation: Retinal hemorrhages with pale centers
Roth's spots (bacterial endocarditis)
91
Clinical presentation: Severe jaundice in neonate
Crigler-Najjar syndrome (congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)
92
Clinical presentation: Severe RLQ pain with rebound tenderness
McBurney's sign (appendicitis)
93
Clinical presentation: Short stature, ↑ incidence of tumors/leukemia, aplastic anemia
Fanconi's anemia (genetically inherited; often progresses to AML)
94
Clinical presentation: Single palm crease
Simian crease (Down syndrome)
95
Clinical presentation: Situs inversus, chronic sinusitis, bronchiectasis
Kartagener's syndrome (dynein defect affecting cilia)
96
Clinical presentation: Skin hyperpigmentation
Addison's disease (1° adrenocortical insufficiency of autoimmune or infectious etiology)
97
Clinical presentation: Slow, progressive muscle weakness in boys
Becker's muscular dystrophy (X-linked, defective dystrophin, less severe than Duchenne's)
98
Clinical presentation: Small, irregular red spots on buccal/lingual mucosa with blue-white centers
Koplik spots (measles)
99
Clinical presentation: Smooth, flat, moist white lesions on genitals
Condylomata lata (2° syphilis)
100
Clinical presentation: Splinter hemorrhages in fingernails
Bacterial endocarditis
101
Clinical presentation: Streak ovaries, congenital heart disease, horseshoe kidney
Turner syndrome (XO, short stature, webbed neck, lymphedema)
102
Clinical presentation: Sudden swollen/painful big toe joint, tophi
Gout/podagra (hyperuricemia)
103
Clinical presentation: Swollen gums, mucous bleeding, poor wound healing, spots on skin
Scurvy (vitamin C deficiency: can't hydroxylate proline/lysine for collagen synthesis)
104
Clinical presentation: Swollen, hard, painful finger joints
Osteoarthritis (osteophytes on PIP [Bouchard's nodes], DIP [Heberden's nodes])
105
Clinical presentation: Systolic ejection murmur (crescendo-decrecendo)
Aortic valve stenosis
106
Clinical presentation: Thyroid and parathyroid tumors, pheochromocytoma
Sipple's syndrome (MEN 2A)
107
Clinical presentation: Toe extension/fanning upon plantar scrape
Babinski's sign (UMN lesion)
108
Clinical presentation: Unilateral facial drooping involving forehead
Bell's palsy (LMN CN VII palsy)
109
Clinical presentation: Urethritis, conjunctivitis, arthritis in a male
Reiter's syndrome (reactive arthritis associated with HLA-B27)
110
Clinical presentation: Vascular birthmark (port-wine stain)
Hemangioma (benign, but associated with Sturge-Weber syndrome)
111
Clinical presentation: Vasculitis from exposure to endotoxin causing glomerular thrombosis
Shwartzman reaction (following second exposure to endotoxin)
112
Clinical presentation: Vomiting blood following esophagogastric lacerations
Mallory-Weiss syndrome (alcoholic and bulimic patients)
113
Clinical presentation: WBC casts in urine
Acute pyelonepthritis
114
Clinical presentation: Weight loss, diarrhea, arthritis, fever, adenopathy
Whipple's disease (Tropheryma whippelii)
115
Equation: Attributable risk
= [a/(a+b)] - [c/(c+d)]
116
Equation: Cardiac output (2)
= rate of O2 consumption / (aterial O2 content - venous O2 content) = stroke volume × heart rate
117
Equation: Clearance
CL = rate of elemination of drug / plasma drug concentration
118
Equation: Effective renal plasma flow
ERPF = Upah × (V / Ppah) = Cpah
119
Equation: Ejection fraction
= (stroke volume / end diastolic volume) × 100%
120
Equation: Filtration fraction
= GFR / RPF
121
Equation: Glomerular filtration rate (2)
= Uinulin × (V / Pinulin) = Cinulin = Kf × [(Pgc - Pbs) - (πgc- πbs)]
122
Equation: Half life
t1/2 = (0.7 × Vd) / CL
123
Equation: Hardy-Hasselbalch equation
p^2 + 2pq +q^2 = 1 p + q = 1
124
Equation: Henderson-Hasselbalch equation
pH = pKa + log ([HCO3-]/0.03PCO2)
125
Equation: Loading dose
LD = Cp × (Vd / F)
126
Equation: Maintenance dose
MD = Cp × (CL / F)
127
Equation: Mean arterial pressure (2)
= cardiac output × total peripheral resistance = 1/3 systolic + 2/3 diastolic
128
Equation: Negative predictive value
= TN / (TN + FN)
129
Equation: Net filtration pressure
= [(Pc - Pi) - (πc- πi)]
130
Equation: Number needed to harm
1/ attributable risk
131
Equation: Number needed to treat
1/absolute risk reduction
132
Equation: Physiologic dead space
Vd = Vt × [(PaCO2 - PeCO2) / PaCO2]
133
Equation: Positive predictive value
= TP / (TP + FP)
134
Equation: Relative risk
= [a/(a+b)] / [c/(c+d)]
135
Equation: Renal blood flow
= RPF / (1 Hct)
136
Equation: Resistance
= driving pressure / flow = [8η(viscosity) × length] / πr^4
137
Equation: Sensitivity
= TP / (TP + FN)
138
Equation: Specificity
= TN / (TN + FP)
139
Equation: Stroke volume
= end diastolic volume - end systolic volume
140
Equation: Volume of distribution
Vd = amount of drug in the body / plasma drug concentration
141
Lab/diagnostic finding: "Bamboo spine" on x-ray
Ankylosing spondylitis (chronic inflammatory arthritis: HLA-B27)
142
Lab/diagnostic finding: "Boot-shaped" heart on x-ray
Tetralogy of Fallot, RVH
143
Lab/diagnostic finding: "Brown" tumor of bone
Hemorrhage (hemosiderin) causes brown color of osteolytic cysts. Due to: 1. Hyperparathyroidism 2. Osteitis fibrosa cystica
144
Lab/diagnostic finding: "Chocolate cyst" of ovary
Endometriosis (frequently involves both ovaries)
145
Lab/diagnostic finding: "Hair-on-end" (crew-cut) appearance on x-ray
β-thalassemia, sickle cell anemia (marrow expansion)
146
Lab/diagnostic finding: "Honeycomb lung" on x-ray
Interstitial fibrosis
147
Lab/diagnostic finding: "Lumpy-bumpy" appearance of glomeruli on immunofluorescence
Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (immune complex deposition of IgG and C3b)
148
Lab/diagnostic finding: "Nutmeg" appearance of liver
Chronic passive congestion of liver due to right heart failure
149
Lab/diagnostic finding: "Onion-skin" periosteal reaction
Ewing's sarcoma (malignant round-cell tumor)
150
Lab/diagnostic finding: "Soap bubble" in femur or tibia on x-ray
Giant cell tumor of bone (generally benign)
151
Lab/diagnostic finding: "Spikes" on basement membrane, "dome-like" subepithelial deposits
Membranous glomerulonephritis (may progress to nephrotic syndrome)
152
Lab/diagnostic finding: "Tennis-racket"-shaped cytoplasmic organelles (EM) in Langerhans cells
Birbeck granules (histiocytosis X: eosinophilic granuloma)
153
Lab/diagnostic finding: "Thumb sign" on lateral x-ray
Epiglottitis (Haemophilus influenzae)
154
Lab/diagnostic finding: "Tram-track" appearance of LM
Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
155
Lab/diagnostic finding: "Wire loop" glomerular appearance on LM
Lupus nephropathy
156
Lab/diagnostic finding: Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies
Goodpasture's syndrome (glomerulonephritis and hemoptysis)
157
Lab/diagnostic finding: Anti-IgG antibodies
Rheumatoid arthritis (systemic inflammation, joint pannus, boutonnière deformity)
158
Lab/diagnostic finding: Anti-topoisomerase antibodies
Diffuse systemic scleroderma
159
Lab/diagnostic finding: Anti-transglutaminase / antigliadin / anti-endomysial antibodies
Celiac disease (diarrhea, distention, weight loss)
160
Lab/diagnostic finding: Anticentromere antibodies
Scleroderma (CREST)
161
Lab/diagnostic finding: Antidesmoglein (epithelial) antibodies
Pemphigus vulgaris (blistering)
162
Lab/diagnostic finding: Antihistone antibodies
Drug-induced SLE (hydralazine, isoniazid, phenytoin, procainamide)
163
Lab/diagnostic finding: Antimitochondrial antibodies (AMAs)
1° biliary cirrhosis (female, cholestasis, portal hypertension)
164
Lab/diagnostic finding: Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs)
Vasculitis (c-ANCA: Wegener's; p-ANCA: microscopic polyangiitis, Churg-Strauss syndrome)
165
Lab/diagnostic finding: Antinuclear antibodies (ANAs: anti-Smith and anti-dsDNA)
SLE (type III hypersensitivity)
166
Lab/diagnostic finding: Antiplatelet antibodies
Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) (bleed diathesis)
167
Lab/diagnostic finding: Azurophilic granular needles in leukemic blasts
Auer rods (acute myelogenous leukemia; especially the promyelocytic type)
168
Lab/diagnostic finding: Basophilic nuclear remnants in RBCs
Howell-Jolly bodies (due to splenectomy or nonfunctional spleen)
169
Lab/diagnostic finding: Basophilic stippling of RBCs
Lead poisoning or sideroblastic anemia
170
Lab/diagnostic finding: Bloody tap on LP
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
171
Lab/diagnostic finding: Branching gram-positive rods with sulfur granules
Actinomyces israelii
172
Lab/diagnostic finding: Bronchogenic apical lung tumor
Pancoast's tumor (can compress sympathetic ganglion and cause Horner's syndrome)
173
Lab/diagnostic finding: Cardiomegaly with apical atrophy
Chaga's disease (Tripanosoma cruzi)
174
Lab/diagnostic finding: Cellular crescents in Bowman's capsule
Rapidly progressive crescentic glomerulonephritis
175
Lab/diagnostic finding: Circular grouping of dark tumor cells surrounding pale neurofibrils
Horner Wright rosettes (neuroblastoma, medulloblastoma, retinoblastoma)
176
Lab/diagnostic finding: Colonies of mucoid Pseudomonas in lungs
Cystic fibrosis (CFTR mutation in Caucasians resulting in fat-soluble vitamin deficiency and mucous plugs)
177
Lab/diagnostic finding: Degeneration of dorsal column nerves
Tabes dorsalis (3° syphilis)
178
Lab/diagnostic finding: Depigmentation of neurons in substantia nigra
Parkinson's disease (basal ganglia disorder: rigidity, resting tremor, bradykinesia)
179
Lab/diagnostic finding: Desquamated epithelium casts in sputum
Curschmann's spirals (bronchial asthma; can result in whorled mucous plugs)
180
Lab/diagnostic finding: Disarrayed granulosa cells in eosinophilic fluid
Call-Exner bodies (granulosa-theca cell tumor of the ovary)
181
Lab/diagnostic finding: Dysplastic squamous cervical cells with nuclear enlargement and hyperchromasia
Koilocytes (HPV: predisposes to cervical cancer)
182
Lab/diagnostic finding: Enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusion bodies
“Owl's-eye" appearance of CMV
183
Lab/diagnostic finding: Enlarged thyroid cells with ground-glass nuclei
"Orphan Annie" eye nuclei (papillary carcinoma of the thyroid)
184
Lab/diagnostic finding: Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in liver cell
Mallory bodies (alcoholic liver disease)
185
Lab/diagnostic finding: Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in nerve cell
Lewy body (Parkinson's disease)
186
Lab/diagnostic finding: Eosinophilic globule in liver
Councilman body (toxic or viral hepatitis, often yellow fever)
187
Lab/diagnostic finding: Eosinophilic inclusions bodies in cytoplasm of hippocampal nerve cells
Rabies virus (Lyssavirus)
188
Lab/diagnostic finding: Extracellular amyloid deposition in gray matter of brain
Senile plaques (Alzheimer's disease)
189
Lab/diagnostic finding: Giant B cells with bilobed nuclei with prominent inclusions ("owl's eye")
Reed-Sternberg cells (Hodgkin's lymphoma)
190
Lab/diagnostic finding: Glomerulus-like structure surrounding vessel in germ cells
Schiller-Duval bodies (yolk sac tumor)
191
Lab/diagnostic finding: hCG elevated
Choriocarcinoma, hydatidiform mole (occurs with and without embryo)
192
Lab/diagnostic finding: Heart nodules (inflammatory)
Aschoff bodies (rheumatic fever)
193
Lab/diagnostic finding: Heterophile antibodies
Infectious mononucleosis (EBV)
194
Lab/diagnostic finding: Hexagonal, double-pointed, needle-like crystals in bronchial secretions
Bronchial asthma (Charcot-Leyden crystals: eosinophilic granules)
195
Lab/diagnostic finding: High level of D-dimers
DVT, pulmonary embolism, DIC
196
Lab/diagnostic finding: Hilar lymphadenopathy, peripheral granulomatous lesion in middle or lower lung lobes (can calcify)
Ghon complex (1°TB: Mycobacterium bacilli)
197
Lab/diagnostic finding: Hypersegmented neutrophils
Megaloblastic anemia (B12, folate deficiency)
198
Lab/diagnostic finding: Hypochomic, microcytic anemia
Iron deficiency anemia, lead poisoning, thalassemia (HbF sometimes present)
199
Lab/diagnostic finding: Increased uric acid levels
Gout, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, tumor lysis syndrome, loop and thiazide diuretics
200
Lab/diagnostic finding: Increased α-fetoprotein in amniotic fluid / maternal serum
Anencephaly, spina bifida (neural tube defects)
201
Lab/diagnostic finding: Intranuclear eosinophilic droplet-like bodies
Cowdry type A bodies (HSV or CMV)
202
Lab/diagnostic finding: Iron-containing nodules in alveolar septum
Ferruginous bodies (asbestosis: ↑ chance of mesothelioma)
203
Lab/diagnostic finding: Large lysosomal vesicles in phagocytes, immunodeficiency
Chédiak-Higashi disease (congenital failure of phagolysosome formation)
204
Lab/diagnostic finding: Low serum ceruloplasmin
Wilson's disease (hepatolenticular degeneration)
205
Lab/diagnostic finding: Lytic ("hole-punched") bone lesions on x-ray
Multiple myeloma
206
Lab/diagnostic finding: Mammary gland ("blue-domed") cyst
Fibrocystic change of the breast
207
Lab/diagnostic finding: Monoclonal antibody spike
1. Multiple myeloma (called the M protein; usually IgG or IgA) 2. Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS; normal consequence of aging) 3. Waldenström's (M protein = IgM) macroglobulinemia 4. Primary amyloidosis
208
Lab/diagnostic finding: Monoclonal globulin protein in blood/urine
Bence Jones proteins (multiple myeloma [kappa or lambda Ig light chains in urine]), Waldenström's macroglobunemia (IgM)
209
Lab/diagnostic finding: Mucin-filled cell with peripheral nucleus
Signet ring (gastric carcinoma)
210
Lab/diagnostic finding: Narrowing of bowel lumen on barium radiograph
"String sign" (Crohn's disease)
211
Lab/diagnostic finding: Needle-shaped, negatively birefringent crystals
Gout (hyperuricemia)
212
Lab/diagnostic finding: Nodular hyaline deposits in glomeruli
Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules (diabetic nephropathy)
213
Lab/diagnostic finding: Periosteum raised from bone, creating triangular area
Codman's triangle on x-ray (osteosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, pyogenic osteomyelitis)
214
Lab/diagnostic finding: Podocyte fusion on EM
Minimal change disease (child with nephrotic syndrome)
215
Lab/diagnostic finding: Polished, "ivory-like" appearance of bone at cartilage erosion
Eburnation (osteoarthritis resulting in bony sclerosis)
216
Lab/diagnostic finding: Protein aggregates in neurons from hyperphosphorylation of protein tau
Neurofibrillary tangles (Alzheimer's disease and CJD)
217
Lab/diagnostic finding: Pseudopalisading tumor cells on brain biopsy
Glioblastoma multiforme
218
Lab/diagnostic finding: RBC casts in urine
Acute glomerulonephritis
219
Lab/diagnostic finding: Rectangular, crystal-like, cytoplasmic inclusions in Leydig cells
Reinke crystals (Leydig cell tumor)
220
Lab/diagnostic finding: Renal epithelial casts in urine
Acute toxic/viral nephrosis
221
Lab/diagnostic finding: Rhomboid crystals, positively birefringent
Pseudogout (calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate)
222
Lab/diagnostic finding: Rib notching
Coarctation of the aorta
223
Lab/diagnostic finding: Sheet's of medium-sized lymphoid cells ("starry sky" appearance on histology)
Burkitt's lymphoma (t[8:14] c-myc activation, associated with EBV)
224
Lab/diagnostic finding: Silver-staining spherical aggregation of tau proteins in neurons
Pick bodies (Pick's disease; progressive dementia, similar to Alzheimer's)
225
Lab/diagnostic finding: Stacks of red blood cells
Rouleaux formation (high ESR, multiple myeloma)
226
Lab/diagnostic finding: Stippled vaginal epithelial cells
"Clue cells" (Gardnerella vaginalis)
227
Lab/diagnostic finding: Thrombi made of white/red layers
Lines of Zahn (arterial thrombus, layers of platelets/RBCs)
228
Lab/diagnostic finding: Thyroid-like appearance of kidney
Chronic bacterial pyelonephritis
229
Lab/diagnostic finding: Triglyceride accumulation in liver cell vacuoles
Fatty liver disease (alcoholic or metabolic syndrome)
230
Lab/diagnostic finding: WBCs that look "smudged"
CLL (almost always B cell; affects the elderly)
231
Lab/diagnostic finding: Yellow CSF
Xanthochromia (subarachnoid hemorrhage)
