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USMLE > One Word_Pathology > Flashcards

One Word_Pathology Flashcards

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1
Q

Amyloidosis - Alzheimer’s disease

A

Protein: β-amyloid Derived from amyloid precursor protein (APP)

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2
Q

Amyloidosis - Diabetes mellitus type 2

A

Protein: AE Derived from amylin

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3
Q

Amyloidosis - Dialysis-associated

A

Protein: β2-microglobulin Derived from MHC class I proteins

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4
Q

Amyloidosis - Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid

A

Protein: A-CAL Derived from calcitonin

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5
Q

Amyloidosis - Primary

A

Protein: AL Derived from Ig light chains (multiple myeloma)

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6
Q

Amyloidosis - Secondary

A

Protein: AA Derived from serum amyloid-associated (SAA) protein (chronic inflammatory disease)

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7
Q

Amyloidosis - Senile cardiac

A

Protein: AF Derived from transthyretin

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8
Q

Chemical carcinogens - Aflatoxins (produced by Aspergillus)

A

Liver (hepatocellular carcinoma)

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9
Q

Chemical carcinogens - Alkylating agents

A

Blood (leukemia)

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10
Q

Chemical carcinogens - Arsenic

A

Skin (squamous cell carcinoma), liver (angiosarcoma)

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11
Q

Chemical carcinogens - Asbestos

A

Lung (mesothelioma and bronchogenic carcinoma)

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12
Q

Chemical carcinogens - CCl4

A

Liver (centrilobular necrosis, fatty change)

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13
Q

Chemical carcinogens - Cigarette smoke

A

Larynx (squamous cell carcinoma), lung (squamous cell and small cell carcinomas), kidney (renal cell carcinoma), bladder (transitional cell carcinoma)

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14
Q

Chemical carcinogens - Naphthalene (aniline) dyes

A

Bladder (transitional cell carcinoma)

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15
Q

Chemical carcinogens - Nitrosamines (e.g., smoked foods)

A

Esophagus, stomach

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16
Q

Chemical carcinogens - Vinyl chloride

A

Liver (angiosarcoma)

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17
Q

Definitions - Anaplasia

A

abnormal cells lacking differentiation; like primitive cells of same tissue, often equated with undifferentiated malignant neoplasms. Little or no resemblance to tissue of origin

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18
Q

Definitions - Desmoplasia

A

fibrous tissue formation in response to neoplasm

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19
Q

Definitions - Dysplasia

A

abnormal growth with loss of cellular orientation, shape, and size in comparison to normal tissue maturation; commonly preneoplastic.

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20
Q

Definitions - Hyperplasia

A

↑ in number of cells

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21
Q

Definitions - Metaplasia

A

one adult cell type is replaced by another. Often 2° to irritation and/or environmental exposure (e.g., squamous metaplasia in trachea and bronchi of smokers)

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22
Q

Definitions - Neoplasia

A

a clonal proliferation of cells that is uncontrolled and excessive

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23
Q

Metastasis to the bone

A

Lung = Lytic Prostate = Blastic Breast = Both lytic and blastic

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24
Q

Metastasis to the brain

A

Typically multiple well-circumscribed tumors at gray/white matter junction

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25
Neoplasm association - Acanthosis nigricans (hyperpigmentation and epidermal thickening)
Visceral malignancy (stomach, lung, breast, uterus)
26
Neoplasm association - Actinic keratosis
Squamous cell carcinoma of skin
27
Neoplasm association - AIDS
Aggressive malignant lymphomas (non-Hodgkin's) and Kaposi's sarcoma
28
Neoplasm association - Albinism
Melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, and especially squamous cell carcinomas of skin
29
Neoplasm association - Autoimmune diseases (e.g., Hashimoto's thyroiditis, myasthenia gravis)
Lymphoma
30
Neoplasm association - Barrett's esophagus (chronic GI reflux)
Esophageal adenocarcinoma
31
Neoplasm association - Chronic atrophic gastritis
Gastric adenocarcinoma
32
Neoplasm association - Cirrhosis (alcoholic, hepatitis B or C)
Hepatocellular carcinoma
33
Neoplasm association - Down syndrome
ALL, AML
34
Neoplasm association - Dysplastic nevus
Malignant melanoma
35
Neoplasm association - Immunodeficiency states
Malignant lymphomas
36
Neoplasm association - Myasthenia gravis
Thymoma
37
Neoplasm association - Paget's disease of the bone
2° osteosarcoma and fibrosarcoma
38
Neoplasm association - Pernicious gastritis
Gastric adenocarcinoma
39
Neoplasm association - Plummer-Vinson syndrome (atrophic glossitis, esophageal webs, anemia; all due to iron deficiency)
Squamous cell carcinoma of esophagus
40
Neoplasm association - Postsurgical gastric remnants
Gastric adenocarcinoma
41
Neoplasm association - Radiation exposure
Sarcoma, papillary thyroid cancer
42
Neoplasm association - Tuberous sclerosis (facial angiofibroma, seizures, mental retardation)
Astrocytoma, angiomyolipoma, and cardiac rhabdomyoma
43
Neoplasm association - Ulcerative colitis
Colonic adenocarcinoma
44
Neoplasm association - Xeroderma pigmentosum
Melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, and especially squamous cell carcinomas of skin
45
Oncogenes - abl
Associated tumor: CML Gene product: Tyrosine kinase
46
Oncogenes - bcl-2
Associated tumor: Follicular and undifferentiated lymphomas (inhibits apoptosis) Gene product: Anti-apoptotic molecule
47
Oncogenes - c-kit
Associated tumor: Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) Gene product: Cytokine receptor
48
Oncogenes - c-myc
Associated tumor: Burkitt's lymphoma Gene product: Transcription factor
49
Oncogenes - erb-B2
Associated tumor: Breast, ovarian, and gastric carcinomas Gene product: Tyrosine kinase
50
Oncogenes - L-myc
Associated tumor: Lung cancer Gene product: Transcription factor
51
Oncogenes - N-myc
Associated tumor: Neuroblastoma Gene product: Transcription factor
52
Oncogenes - ras
Associated tumor: Colon carcinoma Gene product: GTPase
53
Oncogenes - ret
Associated tumor: Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type IIA and IIB Gene product: Tyrosine kinase
54
Oncogenic microbes - EBV
Burkitt's lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma
55
Oncogenic microbes - H. pylori
Gastric adenocarcinoma and lymphoma
56
Oncogenic microbes - HBV
Hepatocellular carcinoma
57
Oncogenic microbes - HCV
Hepatocellular carcinoma
58
Oncogenic microbes - HHV-8 (Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus)
Kaposi's sarcoma, body cavity fluid B-cell lymphoma
59
Oncogenic microbes - HIV
Primary CNS lymphoma
60
Oncogenic microbes - HPV
Cervical carcinoma (16, 18), penile/anal carcinoma
61
Oncogenic microbes - HTLV-1
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma
62
Oncogenic microbes - Schistosoma haematobium
Squamous cell carcinoma of transitional epithelium, e.g., bladder
63
Paraneoplastic effects - Leukemias and lymphomas
Hyperuricemia due to excess nucleic acid turnover (i.e., cytotoxic therapy)
64
Paraneoplastic effects - Renal cell carcinoma, hemangioblastoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, pheochromocytoma
Erythropoietin
65
Paraneoplastic effects - Small cell lung carcinoma
ACTH or ACTH-like peptide
66
Paraneoplastic effects - Small cell lung carcinoma and intracranial neoplasms
ADH
67
Paraneoplastic effects - Squamous cell lung carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, and breast carcinoma
PTH-related peptide, TGF-β, TNF, IL-1
68
Paraneoplastic effects - Thymoma, small cell lung carcinoma
Antibodies against presynaptic Ca2+ channels at neuromuscular junction
69
Psammoma bodies
Laminated, concentric, calcific spherules seen in: 1. Papillary adenocarcinoma of thyroid 2. Serous papillary cystadenocarcinoma of ovary 3. Meningioma 4. Malignant mesothelioma
70
Symptoms - Acute iron poisoning
gastric bleeding
71
Symptoms - Chronic iron poisoning
metabolic acidosis, scarring leading to GI obstruction
72
Tumor markers - Alkaline phosphatase
Metastases to bone, obstructive biliary disease, Paget's disease of the bone
73
Tumor markers - Bombesin
Neuroblastoma, lung and gastric cancer
74
Tumor markers - CA-125
Ovarian, malignant epithelial tumors
75
Tumor markers - CA-19-9
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma
76
Tumor markers - Calcitonin
Thyroid medullary carcinoma
77
Tumor markers - CEA
Carcinoembryonic antigen. Very nonspecific but produced by ~ 70% of colorectal and pancreatic cancers; also produced by gastric, breast, and thyroid medullary carcinomas
78
Tumor markers - Prostatic acid phosphatase
Prostate carcinoma
79
Tumor markers - PSA
Prostate-specific antigen. Used to screen for prostate carcinoma. Can also be elevated in BPH and prostatitis
80
Tumor markers - S-100
Melanoma, neural tumors, astrocytomas
81
Tumor markers - TRAP
Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase. Hairy cell leukemia - a B-cell neoplasm
82
Tumor markers - α-fetoprotein
Normally made by fetus. Hepatocellular carcinomas. Nonseminomatous germ cell tumors of the testis (e.g., yolk sac tumor)
83
Tumor markers - β-hCG
Hydatidiform moles, choriocarcinomas, and gestational trophoblastic tumors
84
Tumor suppressor genes - APC
Chromosome: 5q Associated tumor: Colorectal cancer (associated with FAP)
85
Tumor suppressor genes - BRCA1
Chromosome: 17q Associated tumor: Breast and ovarian cancer Gene product: DNA repair protein
86
Tumor suppressor genes - BRCA2
Chromosome: 13q Associated tumor: Breast cancer Gene product: DNA repair protein
87
Tumor suppressor genes - DCC
Chromosome: 18q Associated tumor: Colon cancer
88
Tumor suppressor genes - DPC
Chromosome: 18q Associated tumor: Pancreatic cancer
89
Tumor suppressor genes - NF1
Chromosome: 17q Associated tumor: Neurofibromatosis type 1
90
Tumor suppressor genes - NF2
Chromosome: 22q Associated tumor: Neurofibromatosis type 2
91
Tumor suppressor genes - p16
Chromosome: 9p Associated tumor: Melanoma
92
Tumor suppressor genes - p53
Chromosome: 17p Associated tumor: Most human cancers, Li-Fraumeni syndrome Gene product: p53 gene product blocks G1 → S phase of the cell cycle
93
Tumor suppressor genes - Rb
Chromosome: 13q Associated tumor: Retinoblastoma, osteosarcoma Gene product: Rb gene products blocks G1 → S phase of the cell cycle
94
Tumor suppressor genes - WT1
Chromosome: 11p Associated tumor: Wilm's tumor
95
↑ Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (5)
Infections; Inflammation (e.g., temporal arteritis); Cancer; Pregnancy; SLE
96
Plummer-Vinson syndrome
Triad of iron deficiency anemia, esophageal webs, and atrophic glossitis.
96
↓ Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (3)
Sickle cell (altered shape); Polycythemia (too many); CHF (unknown)

USMLE (12 decks)

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