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Pharmacology Test 2 > Ophthalmics > Flashcards

Ophthalmics Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

uses of glucocorticoids

A 
inflammation caused by:
allergic conjunctivitis
superficial keratitis
iritis
post op
corneal injury
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2
Q

ADRs of glucocorticoids

A

glaucoma, loss of visual acuity, delayed wound healing, secondary infection, dry eyes, corneal ulcers, systemic side effects

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3
Q

Examples of glucocorticoids

A

*Dexamethasone (C)- soln, susp, oint
*Prednisolone (C) - soln, susp
Flurometholone (C)- soln, susp
Rimexolone (C)- susp
loteprednol

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4
Q

steroid + antibiotic combos

A

polymyxin B + neomycin+ dexamethasone (C)

used for inflammation due to infection

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5
Q

use for NSAIDs

A

inflammation post op

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6
Q

NSAIDs MOA

A

inhibit prostaglandin synthesis

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7
Q

NSIADs precautions

A

cross sensitivity with aspirin

bleeding if absorbed systemically

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8
Q

NSAIDs ADRs

A

burning, stinging, itching, allergic reactions, blurred vision, dryness

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9
Q

Examples of NSAIDs

A

Ketorolac (C) - for allergic conjunctivitis itching, post cataract surgery inflammation
Diclofenac (B)
Flurbiprophen (C)- inhibition of intraoperative miosis

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10
Q

uses for Antibiotics

A

superficial ocular infections such as conjunctivitis, keratitis, blepharitis, corneal ulcers

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11
Q

All ophthalmic antibiotics effective against

A

staph, strep, h. influenza

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12
Q

sulfonamides effective against

A

E. coli, Klebsiella, enterobacter

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13
Q

sulfonamides examples

A

Sulfacetamide (C)- soln, oint

4x per day - low compliance

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14
Q

macrolides

A

erythromycin (B)- used in eyes of newborns, oint

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15
Q

fluoroquinolones ADRs

A 
white crystalline precipitates
bitter taste
corneal staining
decreased vision
lid margin crusting
lid edema
tearing
photophobia
DO NOT USE IN CHILDREN UNDER 18
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16
Q

fluoroquinolones Examples

A

all end in oxacin, all (C) solns

norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, gatifloxacin, ofloxacin, moxifloxacin

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17
Q

aminoglycosides ADRs

A

localized toxicity, localized hypersensitivity, lid edema, lid itching

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18
Q

aminoglycosides examples

A

gentamycin (C) - soln, oint

tobramycin (C)- soln, oint

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19
Q

advanced macrolides example

A

azithromycin (C) soln

broad spectrum, very compliant, long half life, expensive

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20
Q

combo products examples

A

polymyxin B + neomycin + bacitracin
polymyxin B + trimethoprim (good for kids)
polymyxin B + bacitracin

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21
Q

uses of mydriatics, cycloplegics

A

only in office pre-procedures to dilate pupils (anticholinergics)

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22
Q

mydriatics/ cycloplegics ADRs

A 
increase IOP
burning, stinging
conjunctivitis
allergic lid reactions
blurred vision
light sensitivity
dry mouth
tachycardia
headache
hallucinations
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23
Q

Examples of mydriatics/cycloplegics

A

tropicamide (C)- short duration

atropine (C) up to 24 hours, usually avoided

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24
Q

Lubricants examples

Study These Flashcards
A

used for dry eyes

artificial tears, Celluvisc, Tearisol, Refresh, Adsorbanac, Muro 128, Duratears Naturale, Lacrilube, Hypotears,

25
Antihistamines uses
prevention and relief of eye from symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis
26
Antihistamine MOA
stabilize mast cells and/or block H1
27
Histamine H1 blockers
*Levocabstine (C) | Emedastine (B)
28
Mast Cell Stabilizers
*Cromolyn (B) Lodoxamide Nedcromil
29
Combo H1 blockers/ Mast Cell Stabilizers
*Olopatadine Azelastine Epinastine Ketotifen
30
MOA for mixed receptor adrenergic agonists
α1 agonist: Contraction of radial dilator pupillae muscle → stretch trabecular meshwork → ↑ outflow of aqueous humor → Decreased IOP α2 agonist: Bind to presynaptic α2 receptor → inhibits NE release → Decreased NE binding to beta receptors → Decreased secretion/production of aqueous humor from ciliary body → Decreased IOP
31
Precautions in mixed receptor adrenergic agonists
HTN, CVD (α1 agonist activity will exacerbate these conditions) DM, asthma (α2 agonist activity with subsequent beta-blocking activity will exacerbate these conditions)
32
ADRs for mixed receptor adrenergic agonists
Local: stinging, burning, allergic reactions Systemic: headache, tachycardia, HTN
33
examples of mixed action adrenergic agonists
Dipivefrin (Propine)
34
α2 agonist MOA
Bind to presynaptic α2 receptor → inhibits NE release → Decreased NE binding to beta receptors → Decreased secretion/production of aqueous humor from ciliary body → Decreased IOP
35
α2 agonist precautions
DM, asthma, depression, orthostatic hypotension
36
α2 agonist ADRs
Local: stinging, burning, redness, itching Systemic: tachycardia, headache, CNS effects, dyspepsia, cough
37
α2 agonist example
Brimonidine (Alphagan)
38
beta blocker MOA
Block beta receptor in ciliary body → Decreased secretion/production of aqueous humor from ciliary body → Decreased IOP
39
beta blocker precautions
Contraindicated in: asthma, COPD, sinus bradycardia | Precautions: CVD, DM, hyperthyroid, angle closure glaucoma
40
beta blocker ADRs
Local: itching, burning, keratitis, visual distrubances Systemic: CVS, CNS, pulmonary, DM, nausea,
41
beta blocker examples
``` “olol” ending - all (C) Levobunolol (Betagan) Carteolol (Ocupres) Timolol (Timoptic) Betaxolol (Betoptic) ```
42
direct muscarinic agonist MOA
Contraction of circular constrictor pupillae muscle → stretch trabecular meshwork → ↑ outflow of aqueous humor → Decreased IOP
43
direct muscarinic agonist precautions
Contraindicated in: acute iritis & uveitis Precautions: CVD, asthma, PUD, GI spasm, Parkinson’s Disease
44
direct muscarinic agonist ADRs
Local: edema, clouding, burning, stinging, retinal detachment, visual disturbances Systemic: SLUDGE
45
direct muscarinic agonist examples
Pilocarpine (Pilocar) (C) | carbachol (C)
46
carbonic anhydrase inhibitors MOAs
Inhibition of carbonic anhydrase II in the ciliary processes of the eye → decreased aqueous humor secretion → Decreased IOP
47
carbonic anhydrase inhibitors precautions
Sulfonamide derivative – same potential ADRs as sulfonamide antibiotics
48
carbonic anhydrase inhibitors ADRs
Local: burning, stinging, blurred vision Systemic: Sulfonamide ADRs, headache, metallic taste
49
carbonic anhydrase inhibitors examples
Dorzolomide (Trusopt) ** available with timolol in combination product called Cosopt**
50
prostaglandin analogs MOA
Increased outflow of aqueous humor via uveoscleral route → Decreased IOP
51
prostaglandin analogs precautions
Irreversible eye pigment changes
52
prostaglandin analogs ADRs
Local: blurred vision, burning, stinging, eye pigment changes Systemic: URI, muscle pain, rash
53
prostaglandin analogs examples
Latanoprost (Xalatan)
54
sympathomimetics examples
Oxymetazolone (B) naphazoline (B) tetrahydrozoline (B) phenylephrine (B)
55
sympathomimetics MOA
alpha 1 agonist, vasoconstriction/ decongestant
56
antivirals examples
Herpes Keratitis Tx: *Vidarabine (C) *Trifluridine (C) Idoxuridine (C) CMV retinis Tx: ganciclovir implant fomiversin (C) inj
57
antifungals examples
*Natamycin susp | Amphotericin (B)
58
immunomodulators example
Cyclosporine (C) | used as anti-inflammatory for keratoconjunctivitis and chronic dry eye

Pharmacology Test 2 (7 decks)

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