Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

OMS - 2 Neuro Final > Ophthalmologic Agents > Flashcards

Ophthalmologic Agents Flashcards

(76 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Routes of administration of ocular drugs on the eye (5)

A
  1. Topical
  2. Oral
  3. Systemic (aka parenteral)
  4. Periocular
  5. Intravitreal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Topical drugs for the eye typically treat ____ diseases.

A

anterior segment

(cornea, conjunctiva, sclera, iris, ciliary body)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

_____ barrier is a major barrier for anterior segment ocular drug delivery; _______ barrier is a major barrier for posterior segment ocular drug delivery.

A
  1. Blood–aqueous
  2. Blood–retinal

(systemic or parenteral route of administration)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

______ or _____ routes are used to transport molecules through the choroid into deeper layers of the retina (due to blood-retina barrier)

A
  • oral
  • intravenous
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Periocular and intravitreal drug administration is used to overcome ________

A

inefficiency of topical and systemic dosing for delivery to posterior segment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Topical medications must be dosed based on _____

A

pigmentation; some drugs can bind to melanin in the iris stroma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

_______ or _____ is used for both angle closure glaucoma (emergency) and open angle glaucoma.

A
  • timolol
  • pilocarpine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

_______ is used before surgery for angle closure glaucoma and ______ is used for open angle glaucoma.

A
  • carbonic anhydrase
  • pilocarpine

(timolol is used for both)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

______ is a B2 blocker that treats glaucoma by acting on the ciliary blood vessels.

A

timolol & betaxolol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Timolol & betaxolol are contraindicated in patients who ______ (3)

(used to tx glaucoma)

A
  1. asthma
  2. bradycardia
  3. heart block
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Latanoprost and travoprost promote aqueous humor outflow from the anterior chamber via the ______

A

uveoscleral pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Latanoprost & Travoprost are used to treat ______.

A

ocular hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Latanoprost & Travoprost adverse reactions (3)

A
  1. darkening of iris pigmentation
  2. discolored eyelids
  3. eyelash thickening
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which ophthalmologic agent is contraindicated in pregnancy?

A

Latanoprost & Travoprost

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Apraclonidine & Brimonidine MOA

A

a2 agonism → reduced aqueous production from ciliary body & increased uveoscleral outflow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Apraclonidine & Brimonidine contraindications (4)

A
  1. heart disease
  2. MAOI therapy
  3. closed-angle glaucoma
  4. hypertension
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Apraclonidine & Brimonidine AE (5)

A
  1. oral dryness
  2. headache
  3. fatigue/drowsiness
  4. orthostatic hypotension
  5. vasovagal syncope

(sympathomimetics)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

________ (3 Rx) that inhibit carbonic anhydrase → decreasing production of aqeous humor

A
  1. acetazolamide
  2. brinzolamide
  3. dorzolamide
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which ophthalmologic agent causes N/V, diarrhea and/or diuresis

A

carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

(acetazolamide, brinzolamide, dorzolamide)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Which ophthalmologic agent causes headache, brow ache, blurred vision and hypersalivation?

A

muscarinic agonists (pilocarpine)

(sympathomimetics causes oral dryness)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Pilocarpine contraindications (3)

A
  1. acute iritis
  2. anterior uveitis
  3. asthma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Pilocarpine MOA

A

M3 R activation → constricts ciliary muscles → drain aqueous humor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

______ is used to treat resistant/serious cases of closed-angle glaucoma

A

mannitol and glycerol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Combined ______ ointment is often used prophylactically after corneal foreign body removal.

A

bacitracin-polymyxin

(treats both gram + and -)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
The _most effective_ broad-spectrum antibiotics for **severe ocular infections** are _____ (2)
1. **aminoglycosides** 2. cephalosporins (most treated with a single abx)
26
Antibiotics with _____ should only be used under the direction of an ophthalmologist.
corticosteroids
27
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ binds to the 50S ribosomal subunit → inhibit protein synthesis
erythromycin
28
Erythromycin ocular indications (4)
1. corneal abrasion 2. blepheritis 3. post intraocular surgery 4. post chalazeon removal
29
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ bock protein synthesis at the **30S** ribosomal subunit → inhibits initiation of peptide synthesis → misread of genetic code
aminoglycosides | (erythromycin blocks the 50S subunit)
30
Which ocular antibiotic is ineffective against anaerobes?
aminoglycosides
31
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (antibiotic) is indicated for superficial eye infections.
aminoglycosides
32
\_\_\_\_\_ inhibit bacterial DNA synthesis by inhibiting DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV → rapid cell death
Fluoroquinolones
33
Erythromycin is _______ (bacteriostatic/bactericidal), while fluoroquinolone and vancomycin are ________ (bacteriostatic/bactericidal).
* bacteriostatic * bactericidal
34
Which 2 antibiotics treat corneal ulcers?
1. vancomycin 2. fluoroquinolones
35
Fluoroquinolone ocular indications (3)
1. corneal ulcer 2. pre-op prophylaxis 3. bacterial conjunctivitis
36
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ blocks peptidoglycan synthesis → inhibits cell wall mucopeptide formation
Vancomycin
37
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is an ocular antibiotic that treats gram positive multi-drug resistant organisms.
vancomycin
38
Oral vancomycin treats \_\_\_\_\_and topical vancomycin treats \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
* orbital cellulitis * corneal ulcers
39
***_Central_*** corneal ulcers are treated with ________ and ***_noncentral_*** corneal ulcers are treated with \_\_\_\_\_\_.
* vancomycin (gram +) and tobramycin (gram -) * Besifloxacin (fluoroquinolone)
40
bacterial conjunctivitis is treated based on the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
organism
41
\_\_\_\_\_\_ are the first-line treatment for bacterial keratitis.
Fluoroquinolones
42
Bacterial keratitis caused by gram positive cocci are treated with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
cefazolin
43
Bacterial keratitis caused by gram negative bacilli are treated with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
tobramycin (aminoglycoside)
44
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is used when bacterial keratitis is caused by an agent resistant to fluoroquinolones.
aminoglycoside and cephalosporin
45
Erythromycin or _______ can be used to treat blepharitis.
bacitracin
46
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ treats allergic conjunctivitis by stabilizing mast cells to prevent release of inflammatory mediators.
Cromolyn, nedocromil
47
\_\_\_\_ treats allergic conjunctivitis as an antihistamine (decreases eosinophil chemotaxis)
Ketotifen
48
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is an NSAID (anti-inflammatory) used to treat allegic conjunctivitis.
Ketorolac
49
Corticosteroids are used for pain relief of which ocular conditions (3)?
1. corneal lesions 2. uveitis 3. keratoconjunctivitis
50
Ocular corticosteroids (5)
1. Diclofenac 2. Detrolac 3. nepafenac 4. Bromfenac 5. Flurbiprofen
51
\_\_\_\_\_\_ drops are used when inflammatory condition causes the dry eye syndrome.
Cyclosporine (lubricating)
52
Cyclosporine inhibits the growth of \_\_\_\_\_\_.
T cells
53
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ effective in treating herpes simplex viral ocular infections
54
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ treats viral ocular infection by inhibiting viral DNA synthesis
Trifluridine (Viroptic) (tx: viral herpes symplex, NOT zoster)
55
Acyclovir or gancyclovir treats herpes simplex keratitis or ______ can be used fro resistant disease or allergy.
Famciclovir
56
In addition to acyclovir, famcyclovir and gancyclovir, ______ treats herpes simplex keratitis
Trifluridine
57
Before starting acyclovir, famcyclovir, valacyclovir, you must \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
assess renal function
58
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is used for acyclovir resistant herpes zoster keratitits
Foscarnet
59
Cidofovir is a ______ anti-viral agent and may cause _______ toxicity
* broad-spectrum * renal
60
\_\_\_\_\_\_ is an antiviral used for CMV retinitis that may cause hematologic abnormalities (i.e. neutropenia, anemia, thrombocytopenia)
Gancyclovir
61
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a prodrug of ganciclovir, but has higher bioavailability. It may cause hematologic and GI side effects.
Valacyclovir
62
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a pyrophosphate analog, which interferes with binding of the diphosphate to the viral DNA polymerase
Foscarnet
63
Foscarnet may cause _______ toxicity.
nephron (kidney) (cidofovir causes renal toxicity)
64
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a cardiac arrhythmia drug associated with optic neuritis
amiodorone
65
Amiodorone side effects (3)
1. visual field defect 2. vision decrease 3. whorl-shaped deposits on cornea
66
Bisphosphates (tx of osteoporosis) may cause side effects (7)
1. conjunctivitis 2. scleritis 3. uveitis 4. orbital inflammation 5. red eye 6. photophobia 7. decreased vision
67
Chloroquines (tx malaria) ocular side effects (2)
1. corneal deposits 2. retinopathy
68
Corticosteroid use: ocular side effects
posterior subcapsular cataracts
69
Digoxin (Digitalis; antiarrythmic drug): ocular side effects (2)
1. blurred vision 2. abnormal color vision (yellow green halos)
70
Ethambutol (tx TB): ocular side effects
optic neuropathy | (dose related)
71
Cycloplegic/Mydriatic drugs allow for eye examination by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_(3).
1. dilate the pupil 2. paralysis of the ciliary muscle (cycloplegia) 3. reduce drainage of aqueous humor
72
Muscarinic antagonists (tropicamide, cyclopentolate, atropine) block ______ (eye structure)
parasympathetic control of iris sphincter muscle
73
3 local anesthetics for the eyes (topical)
1. proparacaine 2. lidocaine 3. tetracaine)
74
2 Local infiltrative anesthetics for the eyes (in addition to lidocaine and proparacaine which are also used topically)
1. mepivacaine 2. bupivacaine
75
Fluorescein dye is administered with ______ to examine for corneal abrasion.
local topical anesthetic
76
Eye Stinging, irritation and **N/V** are adverse effects of which ocular agent?
fluorescein dye

OMS - 2 Neuro Final (36 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions