Opportunistic Infections

Question 1

cryptococcus

Answer 1

fungi that can cause meningitis

Question 2

What do you use to stain cryptococcus? What does it show?

Answer 2

use India Ink stain

will show “halo” due to cyptococcus capsule

Question 3

What does opening pressure of LP tell you?

Answer 3

that there is a pathogenic infection

Question 4

What is normal WBC count of CSF?

Answer 4

normal is 0

Question 5

What is another buzz word for cryptococcus?

Answer 5

budding yeast

Question 6

If you have lymphopenia what are you suspectible to

Answer 6

fungal and viral infections

Question 7

If you have neutropenia what are you suspectible to

Answer 7

bacterial infections

Question 8

How is cryptococcus transmitted?

Answer 8

normally found in soil / nature

transmitted through inhalation

Question 9

Where is cryptococcus tropic to?

Answer 9

the CNS

Question 10

What is the treatment for cryptococcus?

Answer 10

amphoterine B + flucytosine

then, follow up with fluconazole

Question 11

How does amphoterine B works?

Answer 11

disrupts the cell membrane

Question 12

2 virulence factors of cryptococcus

Answer 12

1) thick capsule that prevents phagocytosis

2) melanin in cell wall that acts as armor

Question 13

What type of virus is Hep B?

Answer 13

dsDNA virus with envelope

Question 14

What are the 3 types of antigens we test for with HepB?

Answer 14

surface

E

core

Question 15

How is HBV transmitted?

Answer 15

through blood + vertical transmission + sexual contact

Question 16

What does Aspergillus most commonly infect?

Answer 16

the lungs

Question 17

What are the 2 paths of HBV infection?

Answer 17

1) clear infection (over 90% of people)

2) chronic infection

Question 18

What is a hallmark of chronic HBV infection?

Answer 18

HbsAG is positive with antibodies

HbeAG is negative

Question 19

cccDNA

Answer 19

covalently closed DNA

even if you clear HBV, the DNA can still persist as cccDNA fragments in hepatocytes

this makes reactivation of HBV possible

Question 20

Is there a cure for Hep B?

Answer 20

no

Question 21

What are the 5 most common types of herpes viruses?

Answer 21

HSV (herpes)

CMV

EBV (mono)

VZV (chicken pox)

HHV-8 or KSHV

Question 22

What does HHV-8 / KSHV cause?

Answer 22

Kaposi sarcoma

remember this is an AIDS-defining illness

Question 23

What are all herpes viruses?

Answer 23

dsDNA

Question 24

What is a hallmark that rash is caused by VZV?

Answer 24

dermatomal, burning rash

Question 25

disseminated Zooster

Answer 25

like shingles but is more widepread also reactivated VZV

Question 26

Abnormalities in opsonization and reticuloendothelial system (RES) are associated with what type of opportunistic infection?

Answer 26

encapsulated organisms (SHIN)

Question 27

Granulocyte or neutrophil abnormalities are associated with what type of opportunistic infection?

Answer 27

catalase-positive organisms

Question 28

Give 2 diseases that represent abnormalities in opsonization and RES?

Answer 28

lupus asplenia

Question 29

B-lymphocytes abnormalities are associated with what type of opportunistic infection?

Answer 29

encapsulated organisms

Question 30

B-lymphocytes produce what?

Answer 30

IgG and IgA remember that B-cells produce antibodies

Question 31

T-lymphocyte abnormalities are associated with what type of opportunistic infection?

Answer 31

fungi and yeasts, parasites, viruses, and mycobacterium

Question 32

T-lymphocyte abnormalities include ....

Answer 32

HIV/AIDS immunocompromised states (chemotherapy, transplant, etc)

Question 33

List 4 ways fungi are different than bacteria

Answer 33

1) Nuclear membrane 2) more than one chromosome 3) mitochondria + ER 4) cell wall is made up of mannans, glucan and chitin

Question 34

What are most fungi?

Answer 34

obligate aerobes

Question 35

Do fungi or bacteria have sterols in their membrane?

Answer 35

only fungi

Question 36

3 examples of blood borne pathogens

Answer 36

hep C hep B HIV

Question 37

examples of yeast

Answer 37

candida and cryptococcus

Question 38

features of yeast

Answer 38

round reproduce by asexual budding can produce pseudohyphae (two elongated yeast together which look like they are hyphenated but not!)

Question 39

example of a mold

Answer 39

Aspergillus

Question 40

Another name for molds

Answer 40

filamentous fungi

Question 41

features of molds

Answer 41

branching structure multicellular forms composed of tubular structures called hyphae

Question 42

features of dimorphic fungi

Answer 42

can grow in either yeast or mycelium form

Question 43

thermally dimorphic fungi

Answer 43

grow in mold form at normal temperatures, but when incubated they convert to yeast-like forms