Summary VHA notes

Question 1

What types of cells are found in the DRG?

Answer 1

pseudounipolar

Question 2

What types of cells are in autonomic ganglia and CNS?

Answer 2

multipolar cells

Question 3

What does the DRG contain?

Answer 3

sensory nerves

Question 4

White matter vs. gray matter on spinal cord

Answer 4

White matter = myelinated axons

Gray matter = motor neurons

Question 5

Path of a sensory reflex

Answer 5

sensory nerve synapses in DRG

then interneuron travels to gray matter of spinal cord where motor neurons are

then motor neuron illicits action

Question 6

If there is no myelin in the white matter of spinal cord, this indicates …

Answer 6

MS

Question 7

What is the perineurin made of?

Answer 7

connective tissue

Question 8

Nuclei seen on cross section in PNS nerves are

Answer 8

Schwann cells

Question 9

What type of nerves are in autonomic ganglion?

Answer 9

motor neurons

Question 10

T1 MRI

Answer 10

bright white = fat

Question 11

T2 MRI

Answer 11

bight white = fat and water

Question 12

FLAIR procedure

Answer 12

removes CSF from MRI

Question 13

TR

Answer 13

repetion time = amount of time between successive pulses of MRI

Question 14

TE

Answer 14

time to echo

Question 15

What contrast is used to show blood flow in MRI?

Answer 15

Gadolinium

Question 16

What stains more brightly with Gadolinium?

Answer 16

cancers

since they uptake a lot of blood, they will uptake a lot of the contrast

Question 17

How can you determine stroke on MRI?

Answer 17

use diffusion

Question 18

Reabsorption vs. secretion

Answer 18

Reabsorption = tubule to blood

Secretion = blood to tubule

Question 19

Where are distal tubules found?

Answer 19

at the vascular pole

Question 20

Where are proximal tubules found?

Answer 20

near the urinary pole

Question 21

Macula densa

Answer 21

at the distal tubules

secrete renin

Question 22

mesangial cells

Answer 22

between the vascular pole and distal tubule

closer to vascular pole than macula densa

Question 23

Fluid flow through nephron

Answer 23

1) proximal tubule 2) loop of Henle 3) distal tubule 4) collecting duct

Question 24

Kupffer cells

Answer 24

macrophages in the liver

Question 25

Blood flow to liver

Answer 25

75% of blood is deoxygenated from portal vein 25% of blood is oxygenated from hepatic artery

Question 26

Are binucleated cells normal in liver?

Answer 26

yes

Question 27

What portion of sarcomere doesn't contract?

Answer 27

the A-band

Question 28

Skeletal muscle features

Answer 28

striated and multinucleated on periphery

Question 29

Cardiac muscle features

Answer 29

central nuclei intercalated discs and Lf pigment branching

Question 30

Smooth muscle

Answer 30

non-striated with central nuclei

Question 31

What is media made of?

Answer 31

mostly smooth muscle

Question 32

What is intima made of?

Answer 32

endothelium

Question 33

What is adventitia made of?

Answer 33

connective tissue

Question 34

What portion of arteries is normally thicker than veins?

Answer 34

Media (smooth muscle thicker)

Question 35

Serous

Answer 35

clear discharge involves exudate that is protein rich but cell poor

Question 36

Purulent

Answer 36

pus discharge caused by liquefactive necrosis reflects collections of neutrophils / cellular debris

Question 37

How does transduate form?

Answer 37

increased pressure causes edema seen more in chronic inflammation

Question 38

Neutrophil nucleus

Answer 38

multilobed seen in acute inflammation

Question 39

Steps of neutrophil recruitment

Answer 39

margination, rolling, adhesion and migration through endothelium

Question 40

Fibrinous inflammation appearance

Answer 40

rough, shaggy appearance due to accumulation of fibrin

Question 41

Are ulcers acute or chronic?

Answer 41

mix of both!

Question 42

What do giant cells indicate?

Answer 42

granuloma (multi-nuclei, collection of macrophages)

Question 43

What type of inflammation makes an exudate?

Answer 43

purulent

Question 44

Cell-free exudate is seen in ...

Answer 44

serous

Question 45

Blistering indicates ...

Answer 45

serous

Question 46

What mediates the rolling phase of leukocyte recruitment?

Answer 46

selectins

Question 47

What mediates the adhesion phase of leukocyte recruitment?

Answer 47

integrins

Question 48

What causes exudate to form? What factor helps this?

Answer 48

endothelial cell contraction histamine is actually important for this

Question 49

What type of cells are important for angiogenesis?

Answer 49

macrophages

Question 50

M1 macrophage activation

Answer 50

mediated by TNF-a and IL-17 also IFN-y and LPS pro-inflammatory

Question 51

M2 macrophage activation

Answer 51

mediated by IL-13 and IL-4 anti-inflammatory

Question 52

What are striations in muscle associated with?

Answer 52

myofibrils

Question 53

How can you tell the difference between PNS nerves and connective tissue?

Answer 53

nerves will look VERY WAVY

Question 54

Where are motor neurons in the spinal cord?

Answer 54

in the ventral horn looks like gray matter

Question 55

What does Nissl stain?

Answer 55

RER

Question 56

Which cells actually have a lot of RER and stain by Nissl?

Answer 56

neurons

Question 57

What portion of nervous system are autonomic ganglia in?

Answer 57

peripheral nervous system

Question 58

Do macula densa have a brush border?

Answer 58

no