Strabismus
Abnormal ocular globe position
– Bilateral hereditary condition – Secondary
• Orbital neoplasia, CN dysfunction from listeriosis or polioencephalomalacia
Types of strabismus
– Divergent (exotropia) - a form of strabismus where the eyes are deviated outward.
– Convergent (esotropia) -a form of strabismus where the eyes are deviated inward.
exophthalmos
abnormal protrusion of the eyeball or eyeballs.
Nystagmus
Horizontal movement of the ocular globe
Nystagmus - congenital & aquired signalment
– Hereditary congenital:
• Ayshires, Guernseys and Holsteins
– Acquired:
• Calves that develop dysfunction of their peripheral
vestibular system or cerebellum
• Following an ear infection or systemic disease
Microphthalmia - what is it? causes? sequelae?
Congenitallysmalleyes – Inherited or acquired • BVD – Unilateral or bilateral – Small ocular globe • Protrusion of third eyelid – Ocular anomalies • Cataracts, retinal dysplasia
Entropion
The inversion of eyelids – Neonatal cattle – Secondary • Systemic diseases • Corneal ulcers – Lacrimation – Bilateral: • Result in visual deficits • Impact on growth / weight gain
Entropion - Treatment
– Temporary correction with placing vertical mattress sutures
– Permanent correction with the removal of a skin crescent with
wound closure
– Topical antibiotics + atropine if corneal ulcers present
Dermoid
Ectopic skin cells
– Third eyelid, conjunctiva, cornea – Herefords:
• Genetically predisposed – Hair follicles, skin glands
– Epiphora
– Treatment:
• Surgical excision
Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) - pathogens that cause this:
– Moraxella bovis:
• Gram-negative bacillus
– Secondary pathogens:
• Mycoplasma and IBR
Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) - trasmission, signalment
– Transmission: flies
– Summer outbreaks
– Herefords, Hereford crosses, Murray Grays
• Highest susceptibility
Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) - clinical signs, progression
• Clinicalsigns: – Initial stages:
• Hyperemic conjunctiva • Blephrospasms
• Serous discharge
– Progression:
• Mucopurulent discharge
• Corneal edema, ulceration, neovascularization • Corneal perforation
– Secondary uveitis is also commonly seen
Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) - treatment
– Controlling the fly population – Isolating affected cattle – IM long-lasting tetracycline repeated in 72 hours • Topical tetracycline (TID) • Topical atropine (BID) – Corneal rupture: • Conjunctival flaps or enucleation – Vaccination: controversial
IBR
– Ocular and respiratory disease
– Mimics IBK clinical signs – Diagnosis:
• Viral cultures or paired serum samples for titers
– Treatment:
• Controlling secondary bacterial infections with topical antibiotic ointment
– Prevention:
• Vaccinations
Uveitis
Septicemia, endotoxemia, navel ill (calves)
• Listeriamonocytogenesinfection
– Secondary to feeding of big-bale silage
• Haemophilussomnus(infectiousthromboembolic meningoencephalitis)
– Conjunctival and episcleral hyperemia, miosis, aqueous flare, hypopyon, vitritis, retinal hemorrhages
– Anti-inflammatory drugs (topical and systemic)
– Topical atropine
– Systemic antibiotics
Hyphema: causes
Uveitis or trauma
Malignant Catarrhal Fever: signalment, clinical signs, diagnosis
Cattle,llamas,deer,bison – Herpes virus – Clinical signs: • Lacrimation, serous to mucopurulent ocular discharge, episcleral and conjunctival hyperemia, severe corneal edema, miosis, hypopyon and iritis – Diagnosis: • Histopathology – Treatment: • High mortality rate – Related to progression of uveitis
Cataracts: Types, signalment, treatment
Congenital, genetic or acquired – Genetic:
• Herefords, Holsteins and Jerseys – Acquired:
• BVD can be transmitted from the mother in the early to mid stages of the pregnancy
• Anterior uveitis
– Treatment:
– Monitor
– Cataract surgery
Blindness: Causes, types, diagnosis, treatment
• Vitamin A deficiency – Night blindness
• Followed by day blindness
– Bone growth at the optic foramen
• Results in a constriction of optic nerve – Diagnosis:
• Serum levels <25mg/dl – Treatment:
• Vitamin A supplementation
KN Gelatt. Color Atlas of Veterinary Ophthalmology
Retinal degeneration
• Ingestionof: – Cattle:
• Male fern (Dryopteris felix mas) – Sheep/goats:
• Blind grass (Stypandra glauca) – Blindness
• Optic nerve atrophy
• Neuropathy – No antidote
KN Gelatt. Color Atlas of Veterinary Ophthalmology

Squamous Cell Carcinoma *** Exam
• Mostcommonoculartumour
• Hereford:predilection
– Ultraviolet light and absence of periocular pigment are
predisposing factors to developing tumors
• Lesions have the potential to regress or to develop into a malignant tumor
Squamous Cell Carcinoma *** Originates
• Eyelid margin, palpebral conjunctiva, third eyelid, limbus or cornea
• Lesions are usually broad based and vascular with an irregular cobbled-stone appearance.
– Rapidly growing lesions may also ulcerate and have necrotic tissue.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma *** Treatment
– Surgical excision with large margins
• Exenteration of the orbital contents – Adjunctive therapy:
• Cryotherapy – Metastasis
• Regional lymph nodes
Papillomas: what is it? treatment?
– Pedunculated with a cauliflower appearance – Margin of the third eyelid – Similar appearance to SCC – Treatment • Surgical excision • Tend not to recur
Lymphoma: what is it? lined to?
• Retrobulbarmass
– Exophthalmia +/- strabismus
– Unilaterally or bilaterally
– Exposure keratitis
– Severe cases: visual impairment and blindness
• Linked:bovineleukemiavirus (BLV)
– Approximately 5% of BLV positive cows develop lymphosarcoma
Lymphoma: diagnosis, treatment, prevention
• Diagnosis – Cytology or histopathology • Treatment: – Palliative third eyelid flap • Prevention: – BLV testing – Prompt isolation – Control of blood sucking insects
Camelid Ocular Diseases: Congenital nasolacrimal duct disorders - name 3 types, treatment?
– Atresia of duct or puncta
– Epiphora
– Dacryocystogram
– Create opening with incision through imperforated mucosa; Leave tubing in for 6 weeks
Camelid ocular diseases
Conjunctivitis
– Usually secondary to corneal ulcer, uveitis, environment
– Primary infection: chlamydiae, thelazia
– Dilation of conjunctival blood vessels
– Treat underlying cause
Camelid ocular diseases - corneal ulceration
– Similar to other species: simple, indolent, complex – Topical antibiotics in all cases – Topical atropine if miosis – Grid keratotomy if indolent – Serum if melting 
Camelid ocular diseases: Corneal abscess
– Similar to horses • Intact epithelium • Bacterial or fungal – Topical bactericidal antibiotics – Topical anti-fungal • If no response • If seen deep within corneal stroma
Camelid ocular diseases: Cataracts: what are they? how can it be caused? treatment?
– Opacity of the lens
– Visual impairement?
– Lens induced uveitis – Monitor or surgery
Camelid ocular diseases: Uveitis: types, work-up, treatment
– Primary • Infectious – Septicemia – EHV, Toxo, Aspergillosis • Trauma – Secondary • Corneal ulcer, cataract – Work-up • PE, blood tests – Anti-inflammatory therapy
Camelid ocular diseases: Intraocular neoplasia, name 3 types
– Medulloepithelioma
– Retinoblastoma
– melanoma