Bronco - Pneumonia
BRDC - Shipping Fever etc
BRDC (morbidity/mortality)
What are the viral components?
Bovine Respitory Disease Complex
More thant 50% morbidity
1-5% mortality
Viral (IBR, PI3, BVD, BRSV) +/- coronavirus
Viral aspect of BRDC - what does this do to the body? 3 things.
Virus distress much the muco-ciliary apparatus
Inhibits aveolar macrophages from phagocytizing
Create epithelial damage - edema, nice place for bacteria to grow
Bacterial aspect of BRDC - what does this do to the body? 1 thing.
Manheimia hemolytica & Pasteurella multocida
- Leukotoxins alters alveolar macrophages & neutrophils
Pathogenesis of BRDC - neutrophil affects?
Neutrophils may cause a lot of the problem wing
Clinical signs BRDC acute/chronic?
Acute - depressed, serous to purulent nasal discharge, fever, tachypnea, don’t want to eat
Chronic - all these + mouth breathing, weakness, but normal body temperature
For diagnosis of BRDC what would you do? (3)
Nasal swab & viral/bacterial culture
BAL - broncho-alveolar lavage
(will see more P. multocida & histopholis somni)
Serology (not good for an outbreak)
Which bacteria, are normal in the upper airways? (4 types)
Normally Manheimia, pasteurella, streptococcus & streptomycies are found in the upper airways
Which bacteria, are normal in the lower airways? (3 types)
Manheimia, pasterurella & mycoplasma
After treating for respiratory disease, what bacteria tends to cause relapses especially in BVD cases?
Mycoplasma increases & cause 75% of relapses (also found in the joints)
(BVD)
How many animals would you need to swab to get a good reprentation of a 200 head herd?
Herd of 100-200 animals - nasal swab of 5-10 animals
Treatment for BRDC - considerations?
Antibiotics - need the correct one for the pathogen, appropriate concentration in the lumen) - long acting - use the same antibiotic twice Amount of drug Frequency of admin Duration of treatment Withdrawal time Criteria to pull out of treatment Cost Individual vs. herd medicine
Common antibiotics used for treating BRDC
TMS, Ceftiofur, long acting oxytetracycline, tilamycacin, florofenicol
Characteristics of a good antibiotic additionally?
Bacterial control
Anti-inflammatory (marcrolides)
Purpose of using corticocosteroids w.r.t. BRDC?
Adjunt to antibiotics
Decrease pulmonary inflammation
Anti-inflammatory doses don’t affect neutrophil activity.
Purpose of using NSAIDS w.r.t. BRDC?
decrease pyrexia & decrease relapse rate
How do these treatments affect weight gain etc? (NSAIDs, Oxytetracycline, corticosteroids)
Manheimia decreases DMI & weight gain in acute infection, treating with oxytetracycline didn’t affect these
corticosteroids - eat more
infection - no significant long term effect on weight gain
Interstitial pneumonia - name 5 kinds
Acute Bovine Pulmonary Edema/Emphezema (ABPE)
Atypical interstitial pneumonia
Vermenous pneumonia
BRSV (Bovine Respiratory Synctitial Virus)
Enzootic pneumonia
Acute Bovine Pulmonary Edema/Emphezema (ABPE)
Usually in beef cattle (fat herford beef cows)
Bad summer pasture, to lush fall pasture
High morbidity & mortality
Acute Bovine Pulmonary Edema/Emphezema (ABPE) - Pathogenesis
Cows eat tryptophan
Transformed to 3-metholindol
Goes into the blood to lungs, mixed function oxidizes metabolize it
Some go out as urine metabolites
Some cause pneumotoxicity - epithelial/endothelial cell damage
Causes edema/cell hyperplasia & interstitial emphysema.
Acute Bovine Pulmonary Edema/Emphezema (ABPE) - Clinical signs
Laboured breathing, foam, mouth breathing, expiratory grunt, dyspnea,
NO FEVER
Percussion - hyporesinance over the whole field
Acute Bovine Pulmonary Edema/Emphezema (ABPE) - Acute vs Chronic
Acute: No bronchiole sounds over the whole lung field
Chronic - muffled sounds & crackles
Acute Bovine Pulmonary Edema/Emphezema (ABPE) - Diagnosis
Based on history (bad to good field)
Physical signs
Repsond to treatment - remove from pasture, minimize stress, give diuretics & corticosteroids)
Acute Bovine Pulmonary Edema/Emphezema (ABPE) - Prevent
Monensen, lasolacid before clinical signs.
Atypical interstitial pneumonia
Hypersentitivity pneumonitis - hay dust –> complex –> Ab/Ag complexes –> effect lymphocytes, macrophages –> causes tissue damage & granulomas
Low morbidity/mortality, management issue
Baling hay at high moisture?
Dust is problem ->spores & metabolic product (actinomyces)
Atypical interstitial pneumonia - clinical signs
Adult dairy cows in winter housing
Farmer affected
Chronic - weight loss, decreased milk production, cough with green mucus,
Acute - sudden tachypnea, decreased in appetite, decreased milk production, normal temperature, doesn’t last long
Will hear crackles & wheezes over the lung field
Normal to hyper resonant on ascultation
Atypical interstitial pneumonia - diagnosis
based on history & physical
Atypical interstitial pneumonia - treatment
corticosteroids, preventing -> reducing the allergen load.
Vermenous pneumonia - what is it? prepatent/patent/post-patent periods?
Dictyocaulos Viviparous Dairy Prepataent - 7-25 days Patent - 25 - 55 days Post patent - 55-90 days
Vermenous pneumonia - clinical signs
poor doing, ok milk production chronic pneumonia fever Tachycardia/tachypnea pale mm recurring hacking cough with respiratory effort Decrease rumen activity Aucultation - Increased bronchiole tones (cranioventral) Crackles/wheezes & friction rubs (dorsally) Hyperresonant, cranio-ventrally & middle Hyporesonant dorsally
Vermenous pneumonia - diagnosis
BAL - see adult
Cytology - PMN cells & eosinophils
Vermenous pneumonia - treatment
fluids as an expectorant
Anthelmintics
NSAIDS
BRSV
Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus High morbidity & low mortality Weaned beef calves Affects the muco-cilliary apparatus Forms syncytium in the alveoli Type 1 hypersensitivity Tend to have secondary bacterial infections
BRSV - clinical signs
Fever
Tachypmea
Mouth breathing
OR fine & die
BRSV - Auscultation
Decrease lung sounds
As edema subsides, crackles
On percussion, hypo-resinance
BRSV - 3 things about this which cause fatalities:
Cranio-ventral lung lobe consolidation
Sub-pleural emphysema
bulla formation
BRSV - treatment & prevention
Diuretics, steroids - prevent with vaccines
Enzootic pneumonia
Second most common disease in dairy calves under 1 month old
(endemic or an outbreak)
High morbidity, 4% mortality
Enzootic pneumonia - causes
Failure of passive transfer 1st calf heifer Nutritional deficienices (lots) Neonatal calf diarrhea Environmental stress
Enzootic pneumonia - risk factors
ambient temp, humidity & precipitation Aerosolized bacterial High pressure cleaning Stocking density Mixing age groups Presence of noxious gases
Enzootic pneumonia - infection agents
PI -3 BVD BRSV Coronavirus Bacteria -pasteurella multocida
Enzootic pneumonia - clinical signs
Cranio-ventral suppurative broncho-pneumonia
Dehdyrated, supprative, fibrinopneumonia cough, diarrhea
C/V crackles
Enzootic pneumonia - treatment
antibiotics 10-15 days
oral electrolytes
Enzootic pneumonia - why catch this?
Detect early, big effect on growth/repro rate
Enzootic pneumonia - prevention
Vaccinate dams passive transfer calf hutches air quality good nutrition
Viruses in bovine reps disease complex
IBR/BRSV/BVD/Coronavirus
IBR
Naive cattle (young 6 months - 3 years)
possibly seasonal, IBR in late ball
Aerosole transmission - loves epithelial cells –> ulceration & necrosis in upper 2/3rds of the trachea
-> compromises host innate immunity
dormant in the lumbo-sacral ganglia ovaries & testes
virus sheds under stress.
lasts 7-14 days
IBR - clinical signs
fever nasal mucosal ulceration necrosis drooling bad odour tachypnea muco-purulent to bloody discharge non-productive dry cough (with bacterial complication) ocular lesions depression decreased appetite early normal lung sounds but bad tracheal sounds
IBR - diagnosis
clinical signs
serology
viral isolation from nasal swabs
IBR - treatment
NSAIDS
stabilize neutrophil membranes - less pyritic mediators
antibiotics for secondary bacterial infections
IBR - prevention
vaccinate - modified live
latency & maternal antibodies.
Fibrinopluritis pleuropneumonia/ITEME (infectious thromboembolic menigoencephalitis)
Caused by histopholis somni
Fibrinopluritis pleuropneumonia/ITEME (infectious thromboembolic menigoencephalitis) - recognize
few animals affected, high mortality, neuro signs, sudden onset of expiratory dyspnea, fever, depressed, (get septecemic)
histopholis somni - affects from this bacteria
vasculo-toxic to endothelial cells
proned to thrombosis
Usually 28 days after arrival
can go to other body systems, cause poly arthritis, pleuritis, peri-carditis, repro problems, neuro problems (ITEME)
Fibrinopluritis pleuropneumonia/ITEME (infectious thromboembolic menigo encephalitis) - diagnosis
Resp & neuro signs concurrently
Post-mortem - retinal hemorrhage, necrotizing laryngitis
Chronic broncho-pneumonia syndrome (metastotic pneumonia, pulmonary thromboembylisim - what 3 bacteria causes this?
A. pyogenes (Truperella), F. necrophorum, E.coli
Chronic broncho-pneumonia syndrome (metastotic pneumonia, pulmonary thromboembylisim - pathogensis
thrombo-embolic pneumonia
Rumenitis -> liver abscesses -> septicemia -> metastatic suppretive pneumonitis
Thrombo-emboli from other organs (septic inflammation, jugular vein thrombosis, metritis, phlebitis etc)
Chronic pneumonia
Low morbity/mortality
Causes chronic pulmonary abscesses
Persistant inflammatory reaction
Looks like hypersensitivity pneuminitis (atypical)
Fluctuating body temperatures
Shallow rapid breathing, high bronchial sounds
Productive cough
Chronic weight loss
Sudden drop in milk production during disease flair up
Chronic pneumonia - blood
Increased to normal WBC
Fibriogen & globulins are high in the blood
Chronic pneumonia - diagnosis
Chronic 1 cow affected Poor doing (low body condition score) High TP Prognosis is poor to guarded
Chronic pneumonia - response
variable (embolic is poor if you have blood at the mouth)