Respiratory Diseases

Question 1

Bronco - Pneumonia

Answer 1

BRDC - Shipping Fever etc

Question 2

BRDC (morbidity/mortality)

What are the viral components?

Answer 2

Bovine Respitory Disease Complex
More thant 50% morbidity
1-5% mortality
Viral (IBR, PI3, BVD, BRSV) +/- coronavirus

Question 3

Viral aspect of BRDC - what does this do to the body? 3 things.

Answer 3

Virus distress much the muco-ciliary apparatus
Inhibits aveolar macrophages from phagocytizing
Create epithelial damage - edema, nice place for bacteria to grow

Question 4

Bacterial aspect of BRDC - what does this do to the body? 1 thing.

Answer 4

Manheimia hemolytica & Pasteurella multocida

- Leukotoxins alters alveolar macrophages & neutrophils

Question 5

Pathogenesis of BRDC - neutrophil affects?

Answer 5

Neutrophils may cause a lot of the problem wing

Question 6

Clinical signs BRDC acute/chronic?

Answer 6

Acute - depressed, serous to purulent nasal discharge, fever, tachypnea, don’t want to eat
Chronic - all these + mouth breathing, weakness, but normal body temperature

Question 7

For diagnosis of BRDC what would you do? (3)

Answer 7

Nasal swab & viral/bacterial culture
BAL - broncho-alveolar lavage
(will see more P. multocida & histopholis somni)
Serology (not good for an outbreak)

Question 8

Which bacteria, are normal in the upper airways? (4 types)

Answer 8

Normally Manheimia, pasteurella, streptococcus & streptomycies are found in the upper airways

Question 9

Which bacteria, are normal in the lower airways? (3 types)

Answer 9

Manheimia, pasterurella & mycoplasma

Question 10

After treating for respiratory disease, what bacteria tends to cause relapses especially in BVD cases?

Answer 10

Mycoplasma increases & cause 75% of relapses (also found in the joints)
(BVD)

Question 11

How many animals would you need to swab to get a good reprentation of a 200 head herd?

Answer 11

Herd of 100-200 animals - nasal swab of 5-10 animals

Question 12

Treatment for BRDC - considerations?

Answer 12

Antibiotics - need the correct one for the pathogen, appropriate concentration in the lumen) - long acting - use the same antibiotic twice
Amount of drug
Frequency of admin
Duration of treatment
Withdrawal time
Criteria to pull out of treatment
Cost
Individual vs. herd medicine

Question 13

Common antibiotics used for treating BRDC

Answer 13

TMS, Ceftiofur, long acting oxytetracycline, tilamycacin, florofenicol

Question 14

Characteristics of a good antibiotic additionally?

Answer 14

Bacterial control

Anti-inflammatory (marcrolides)

Question 15

Purpose of using corticocosteroids w.r.t. BRDC?

Answer 15

Adjunt to antibiotics
Decrease pulmonary inflammation
Anti-inflammatory doses don’t affect neutrophil activity.

Question 16

Purpose of using NSAIDS w.r.t. BRDC?

Answer 16

decrease pyrexia & decrease relapse rate

Question 17

How do these treatments affect weight gain etc? (NSAIDs, Oxytetracycline, corticosteroids)

Answer 17

Manheimia decreases DMI & weight gain in acute infection, treating with oxytetracycline didn’t affect these
corticosteroids - eat more
infection - no significant long term effect on weight gain

Question 18

Interstitial pneumonia - name 5 kinds

Answer 18

Acute Bovine Pulmonary Edema/Emphezema (ABPE)
Atypical interstitial pneumonia
Vermenous pneumonia
BRSV (Bovine Respiratory Synctitial Virus)
Enzootic pneumonia

Question 19

Acute Bovine Pulmonary Edema/Emphezema (ABPE)

Answer 19

Usually in beef cattle (fat herford beef cows)
Bad summer pasture, to lush fall pasture
High morbidity & mortality

Question 20

Acute Bovine Pulmonary Edema/Emphezema (ABPE) - Pathogenesis

Answer 20

Cows eat tryptophan
Transformed to 3-metholindol
Goes into the blood to lungs, mixed function oxidizes metabolize it
Some go out as urine metabolites
Some cause pneumotoxicity - epithelial/endothelial cell damage
Causes edema/cell hyperplasia & interstitial emphysema.

Question 21

Acute Bovine Pulmonary Edema/Emphezema (ABPE) - Clinical signs

Answer 21

Laboured breathing, foam, mouth breathing, expiratory grunt, dyspnea,
NO FEVER
Percussion - hyporesinance over the whole field

Question 22

Acute Bovine Pulmonary Edema/Emphezema (ABPE) - Acute vs Chronic

Answer 22

Acute: No bronchiole sounds over the whole lung field

Chronic - muffled sounds & crackles

Question 23

Acute Bovine Pulmonary Edema/Emphezema (ABPE) - Diagnosis

Answer 23

Based on history (bad to good field)
Physical signs
Repsond to treatment - remove from pasture, minimize stress, give diuretics & corticosteroids)

Question 24

Acute Bovine Pulmonary Edema/Emphezema (ABPE) - Prevent

Answer 24

Monensen, lasolacid before clinical signs.

Question 25

Atypical interstitial pneumonia

Answer 25

Hypersentitivity pneumonitis - hay dust --> complex --> Ab/Ag complexes --> effect lymphocytes, macrophages --> causes tissue damage & granulomas Low morbidity/mortality, management issue Baling hay at high moisture? Dust is problem ->spores & metabolic product (actinomyces)

Question 26

Atypical interstitial pneumonia - clinical signs

Answer 26

Adult dairy cows in winter housing Farmer affected Chronic - weight loss, decreased milk production, cough with green mucus, Acute - sudden tachypnea, decreased in appetite, decreased milk production, normal temperature, doesn't last long Will hear crackles & wheezes over the lung field Normal to hyper resonant on ascultation

Question 27

Atypical interstitial pneumonia - diagnosis

Answer 27

based on history & physical

Question 28

Atypical interstitial pneumonia - treatment

Answer 28

corticosteroids, preventing -> reducing the allergen load.

Question 29

Vermenous pneumonia - what is it? prepatent/patent/post-patent periods?

Answer 29

``` Dictyocaulos Viviparous Dairy Prepataent - 7-25 days Patent - 25 - 55 days Post patent - 55-90 days ```

Question 30

Vermenous pneumonia - clinical signs

Answer 30

``` poor doing, ok milk production chronic pneumonia fever Tachycardia/tachypnea pale mm recurring hacking cough with respiratory effort Decrease rumen activity Aucultation - Increased bronchiole tones (cranioventral) Crackles/wheezes & friction rubs (dorsally) Hyperresonant, cranio-ventrally & middle Hyporesonant dorsally ```

Question 31

Vermenous pneumonia - diagnosis

Answer 31

BAL - see adult | Cytology - PMN cells & eosinophils

Question 32

Vermenous pneumonia - treatment

Answer 32

fluids as an expectorant Anthelmintics NSAIDS

Question 33

BRSV

Answer 33

``` Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus High morbidity & low mortality Weaned beef calves Affects the muco-cilliary apparatus Forms syncytium in the alveoli Type 1 hypersensitivity Tend to have secondary bacterial infections ```

Question 34

BRSV - clinical signs

Answer 34

Fever Tachypmea Mouth breathing OR fine & die

Question 35

BRSV - Auscultation

Answer 35

Decrease lung sounds As edema subsides, crackles On percussion, hypo-resinance

Question 36

BRSV - 3 things about this which cause fatalities:

Answer 36

Cranio-ventral lung lobe consolidation Sub-pleural emphysema bulla formation

Question 37

BRSV - treatment & prevention

Answer 37

Diuretics, steroids - prevent with vaccines

Question 38

Enzootic pneumonia

Answer 38

Second most common disease in dairy calves under 1 month old (endemic or an outbreak) High morbidity, 4% mortality

Question 39

Enzootic pneumonia - causes

Answer 39

``` Failure of passive transfer 1st calf heifer Nutritional deficienices (lots) Neonatal calf diarrhea Environmental stress ```

Question 40

Enzootic pneumonia - risk factors

Answer 40

``` ambient temp, humidity & precipitation Aerosolized bacterial High pressure cleaning Stocking density Mixing age groups Presence of noxious gases ```

Question 41

Enzootic pneumonia - infection agents

Answer 41

``` PI -3 BVD BRSV Coronavirus Bacteria -pasteurella multocida ```

Question 42

Enzootic pneumonia - clinical signs

Answer 42

Cranio-ventral suppurative broncho-pneumonia Dehdyrated, supprative, fibrinopneumonia cough, diarrhea C/V crackles

Question 43

Enzootic pneumonia - treatment

Answer 43

antibiotics 10-15 days | oral electrolytes

Question 44

Enzootic pneumonia - why catch this?

Answer 44

Detect early, big effect on growth/repro rate

Question 45

Enzootic pneumonia - prevention

Answer 45

``` Vaccinate dams passive transfer calf hutches air quality good nutrition ```

Question 46

Viruses in bovine reps disease complex

Answer 46

IBR/BRSV/BVD/Coronavirus

Question 47

IBR

Answer 47

Naive cattle (young 6 months - 3 years) possibly seasonal, IBR in late ball Aerosole transmission - loves epithelial cells --> ulceration & necrosis in upper 2/3rds of the trachea -> compromises host innate immunity dormant in the lumbo-sacral ganglia ovaries & testes virus sheds under stress. lasts 7-14 days

Question 48

IBR - clinical signs

Answer 48

``` fever nasal mucosal ulceration necrosis drooling bad odour tachypnea muco-purulent to bloody discharge non-productive dry cough (with bacterial complication) ocular lesions depression decreased appetite early normal lung sounds but bad tracheal sounds ```

Question 49

IBR - diagnosis

Answer 49

clinical signs serology viral isolation from nasal swabs

Question 50

IBR - treatment

Answer 50

NSAIDS stabilize neutrophil membranes - less pyritic mediators antibiotics for secondary bacterial infections

Question 51

IBR - prevention

Answer 51

vaccinate - modified live | latency & maternal antibodies.

Question 52

Fibrinopluritis pleuropneumonia/ITEME (infectious thromboembolic menigoencephalitis)

Answer 52

Caused by histopholis somni

Question 53

Fibrinopluritis pleuropneumonia/ITEME (infectious thromboembolic menigoencephalitis) - recognize

Answer 53

few animals affected, high mortality, neuro signs, sudden onset of expiratory dyspnea, fever, depressed, (get septecemic)

Question 54

histopholis somni - affects from this bacteria

Answer 54

vasculo-toxic to endothelial cells proned to thrombosis Usually 28 days after arrival can go to other body systems, cause poly arthritis, pleuritis, peri-carditis, repro problems, neuro problems (ITEME)

Question 55

Fibrinopluritis pleuropneumonia/ITEME (infectious thromboembolic menigo encephalitis) - diagnosis

Answer 55

Resp & neuro signs concurrently | Post-mortem - retinal hemorrhage, necrotizing laryngitis

Question 56

Chronic broncho-pneumonia syndrome (metastotic pneumonia, pulmonary thromboembylisim - what 3 bacteria causes this?

Answer 56

A. pyogenes (Truperella), F. necrophorum, E.coli

Question 57

Chronic broncho-pneumonia syndrome (metastotic pneumonia, pulmonary thromboembylisim - pathogensis

Answer 57

thrombo-embolic pneumonia Rumenitis -> liver abscesses -> septicemia -> metastatic suppretive pneumonitis Thrombo-emboli from other organs (septic inflammation, jugular vein thrombosis, metritis, phlebitis etc)

Question 58

Chronic pneumonia

Answer 58

Low morbity/mortality Causes chronic pulmonary abscesses Persistant inflammatory reaction Looks like hypersensitivity pneuminitis (atypical) Fluctuating body temperatures Shallow rapid breathing, high bronchial sounds Productive cough Chronic weight loss Sudden drop in milk production during disease flair up

Question 59

Chronic pneumonia - blood

Answer 59

Increased to normal WBC | Fibriogen & globulins are high in the blood

Question 60

Chronic pneumonia - diagnosis

Answer 60

``` Chronic 1 cow affected Poor doing (low body condition score) High TP Prognosis is poor to guarded ```

Question 61

Chronic pneumonia - response

Answer 61

variable (embolic is poor if you have blood at the mouth)